The BKS System for the Philco-2000 学习笔记

　　最近因为学业需要阅读这一篇论文。。。。。。一把鼻涕一把泪地翻了一边以求更好地理解，谁让我英语渣呢。。。。有很多地方翻译得感觉还是有问题或者不流畅，还请大家多多指教。

The BKS System for the Philco-2000*
RICHARD B. SMITH, Westinghouse

The BKS System is a program sequencing system designed for the Philco-2000 computer to meet operational requirements of the Bettis and Knolls Atomic Power Laboratories.
BKS是一个为了满足贝蒂斯和诺尔斯原子能实验室的操作要求，而为飞歌-2000计算机设计的程序序列化系统。
The Philco-2000 on which this system is being used has a 32,768-word memory, 16 tape transports online, and an electric typewriter online.
使用该系统的飞歌-2000具有32768字大小的存储器，16条联机磁带装置，以及一个联机电动打印机。
The card-to-tape, card-to-printer, tape-to-card, tape-to-printer, and routine tape-to-tape operations are performed with off-line equipment.
数据从卡片到磁带，卡片到打印机，磁带到卡片，磁带到打印机以及例行的磁带到磁带的读写操作都是由脱机设备来完成的。
The BKS System controls loading of independent programs from either cards or the master system tape,provides common functions required by most programs,assigns all logical tapes to available physical tape transports, and directs the mounting and removal of all file tapes.
BKS系统控制着独立的程序的装载，无论它是来自卡片还是主系统带；提供了大多数程序所需要的常用功能；负责所有的逻辑磁带到可用物理磁带的映射，并且主导所有文件磁带的装载和拆卸。
Some uniformity is imposed on individual programs by the system, especially in regard to operating characteristics. Established standards require that programs should not
一些统一性要求被操作系统施加在个别程序上，特别是在考虑到操作特性的时候。制定的标准要求程序不应该：
(a)contain machine halts,
包含机器挂起的指令
(b) rewind the input, output, or program tapes,
倒带输入、输出或者程序磁带，
(c) require special toggle or sense switch settings, or
请求特殊的切换或者敏感的开关设置，或者
(d) utilize memory assigned for the system.
利用分配给系统的存储器。
The system requires 2560 locations and uses an additional 128 locations as temporary storage.
该系统要求2560个存储单元并且使用附加的128个存储单元作为临时存储。
All tapes are assigned by a set of established locations within the area assigned to the system.
所有磁带的分配是通过被分配给系统的区域内的一组确立的地址来完成的。
From these locations, tape subroutines may obtain the physical tape transport assignments for the program being executed.
通过这些地址，磁带上的子程序可以获取到此时正在执行的程序的物理磁带传输任务。
The sign bit of each tape assignment location is used to indicate tapes assigned to a program. A positive sign signifies the assignment of a tape and a negative sign signifies that the tape has not been assigned. Tape logics may be changed by interchanging the contents of two or more tape assignment locations.
每个磁带分配地址的符号位被用来指示是否已经分配给一个程序。正号表示已经分配而负号表示该磁带还没有被分配。磁带的逻辑地址可以通过交换两个以上磁带分配单元的内容来改变。
Eight categories classify the general use of all tapes.The categories are as follows:
所有磁带的一般使用方法可以归纳为八类。如下：
(a)A scratch or blank tape designation identifies a tape to be used for the temporary storage of data.
一个乱写或者空白的磁带标号确定一个磁带是用来临时存储数据的。
(b) A program tape is required of all segmented programs and identifies the tape from which the program segments may be obtained.
所有的程序分段都要求有一个程序带，并且能够分辨这些程序段可以从哪个磁带获得。
(c) An input tape designation is required of all programs and determines which tape logic or location should be assigned to the common input tape.
所有的程序都必须要指定一个输入磁带，并且指定哪一个逻辑地址或者分配单元必须被分配给这个公共输入带。
(d) An output tape designation is similarly required and specifies the tape logic on which all normal output should be written for off-line processing.
一个输出磁带也必须被类似地指定，并且指定磁带逻辑为所有的正常输出离线处理。
(e) A library tape classification is used to specify tapes which are always required for the execution of a program.
库磁带的分类是用来辨别那些总是被程序执行所需要的磁带。
(f) An input file tape is similar to a library tape except that input files may or may not be required for the execution of a program.
输入文件的磁带类似于库磁带，不同的是它不是程序运行所必须的。

* Presented at the 15th National Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery, Aug. 23-26, 1960. 104 Communications of the ACM Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.

(g) An output file tape designates a scratch tape which may be labeled during the execution of a program and removed when the program is terminated.
一个输出文件磁带表示一个可以在程序执行过程中标记可擦除并且在程序终止后去除标记的磁带。
(h) All other tapes are unassigned and no attempt should be made to use them. No provision is made for changing the classification of a tape at execution time except for the special case of output files.
所有其他的未分配磁带是不被允许使用的。除了特殊的输出文件的情况，其他磁带的分类在执行过程中是不允许改变的。
Any library or input file tape required for several jobs is retained by the system and released only when no further job calls for the specific tape. However, an output file tape may not be used by more than one job nor may it be used as an immediate input file.
任何被多个任务需求的库磁带和输入文件带都是由系统来保留的，只有当没有任务需要他们的时候，系统才释放他们。然而，一个输出文件带不能被多个作业使用也不能作为立即输入文件。
All input is collected or batched and an input tape is prepared periodically with the offline card-to-tape equipment.
所有的输入被收集或者分批并且一个输入磁带被周期性地当作脱机的卡片——磁带读写设备。
The arrangement of cards for each job is in the following order. An accounting card is the first card of every job and is used for recording the machine time to process the job.
每个作业的卡片布置是按照如下顺序进行的。一个记账卡是每个作业的第一个卡片，它被用来记录处理本作业的机器时间。
The system control card is the second card of a job and is inserted for the first job in a sequence of jobs for a given program.
系统控制卡是每个作业的第二张卡片并且被插入在给定程序的一系列作业中的第一个中。
The control card identifies the source of the program, the category of all tapes, and the identification of library tapes when required. The control card may indicate that the program is on the master system tape or on cards.
控制卡识别程序的来源，所有磁带的种类，并且在需要的时候识别库磁带。控制卡可以指出程序是在主系统带上还是其他卡片上。
If the program is on cards, the card program must follow the control card and terminate with a blank card after the last program segment.
如果程序在卡片上，卡片程序必须在控制卡之后并且在最后的程序段后以一个空白卡结束。
Subsequent jobs in sequence for the same program must not contain the program control card or (when applicable) the binary card program. Input file tape identification or call cards follow the accounting card except when the control card and possibly the binary program are required.
同一个程序的后续作业中不能包含程序控制卡或者（如果适用的话）二进制卡片程序。输入文件磁带识别或者卡的调用要在记账卡之后，除了需要的是控制卡和可能存在的二进制程序的时候。
Punch cards are required of all programs and form the last set of cards for each job. Each job may contain several cases or sets of data.
所有的程序都需要打孔卡，并且为每个作业生成最后一组卡片。每一个作业可能包含几个案例和数据集。
Each case must be terminated with a blank card and the last case is determined when the card following a blank is an accounting card. A special set of stop cards is written on tape following the last job.
无论哪种情况下都必须以一个空白卡片结束，而最后一种情况总是固定的：当一张卡片后面跟着空白卡的时候，它是一张记账卡。一系列特殊的停止卡在最后的作业之后被写在磁带上。
The system initially processes each tape prepared offline and writes a new tape which is arranged in a more convenient form for program execution.
系统在最初处理每个磁带的准备工作是脱机的，并将他们写入一个用一种更方便层序执行的形式的安排的新磁带中。
During the preparation of the modified input tape, the system extracts necessary information to prepare a directory Of all jobs to be executed and all tape requirements.
在修改输入带的准备过程中，系统会提取必要信息来准备一个所有需要被执行的作业和被要求的磁带的目录。
Furthermore, the card information is translated during this preliminary phase to the normal six-bit code representation.
此外，卡片信息是在最初步骤到正常的六位代码的准备过程中被翻译的。
The initial segment of the first program is loaded from the modified input tape and given control. Operation at this time becomes single phase.
第一个程序的初始段的装载是从修改输入磁带和给定控制开始的。此时的操作变为单相的。
That is, each program processes all necessary input data, performs the necessary calculations, prepares all desired output, and then returns control to the system to initiate preparation of file tapes and loading of the next program in sequence.
也就是说，每个程序处理所有的必要输入数据，执行必要的计算，准备所有所需的输出，然后将控制返回给系统来初始化文件带的准备和进行序列中下一个程序的装载。
There are 24 system entries available to every program.Twelve of the entries are for initialization and execution of general subroutine operations required by most programs.
一共有24个系统入口可以供每个程序使用。其中12个是用来初始化和执行大多数程序所需要的一般子程序的。
Three entries are for testing specific toggle conditions established by the operator. Two entries are for manual execution by the operator. The seven remaining entries are included to accommodate conditions necessary for system operation.
三个入口是用来测试由操作者指定的特定切换。两个是用来供操作者手动执行。剩下的7个被包括进来的是用来适应操作系统操作所必需的环境。

A reprint of the article on the "Conference of University Computing Center Directors, June 2-4, 1960" from the October 1960 issue of Communications may be obtained by addressing a request to
Professor Walter Freiberger
Brown University
Providence 12, Rhode Island
Reprinted by permission from Armour Research Institute.