CUDA 显存操作：CUDA支持的C++11

CUDA9的编译器和语言改进

使用CUDA 9，nvcc编译器增加了对C ++ 14的支持，其中包括新功能

通用的lambda表达式，其中使用auto关键字代替参数类型;

auto lambda = []（auto a，auto b）{return a * b;};

功能的返回类型扣除（使用auto关键字作为返回类型，如上例所示）

对constexpr函数可以包含的更少的限制，包括变量声明，if，switch和循环。

CUDA 9中的NVCC也更快，与CUDA 8相比，编译时间平均减少了20％，达到了50％。

·扩大开发平台和主机编译器，包括Microsoft Visual Studio 2017, Clang 3.9, PGI17.1和GCC6.x

CUDER：用C++11封装的CUDA类

以前写cuda：初始化环境，申请显存，初始化显存，launch kernel，拷贝数据，释放显存。一个页面大部分都是这些繁杂但又必须的操作，有时还会忘掉释放部分显存。

今天用C++11封装了这些CUDA操作，然后就可以专注于写kernel代码了。.cu文件就像glsl shader文件一样简洁明了。

例如：./kernel.cu文件，里面只有一个fill函数用于填充数组A。

extern "C"  __global__ void fill(int * A, int cnt){
    const int gap = blockDim.x*gridDim.x;
    for (int id = blockDim.x*blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x; id < cnt; id += gap)
        A[id] = id * 2;
};

下面的main.cpp演示了Cuder类的使用。

#include "Cuder.h"
const int N = 65536;
std::string get_ptx_path(const char*);
 
int main(){
    int A[N];  for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) A[i] = i;
 
    //为禁止随意创建CUcontext,将构造函数声明为private,安全起见禁用了拷贝构造函数和拷贝赋值运算符
    redips::Cuder cuder = redips::Cuder::getInstance();
 
    //添加并编译一个.cu文件[相当于glsl shader 文件],或者直接添加一个ptx文件。
    //std::string module_file = "kernel.cu";
    std::string module_file = get_ptx_path("kernel.cu");
    cuder.addModule(module_file);
 
    //显存上申请一个大小为[sizeof(int)*N]的数组,并将其命名为["a_dev"],用于后面操作中该数组的标识；
    //如果第三个参数不为null,还会执行cpu->gpu的数据拷贝
    cuder.applyArray("a_dev", sizeof(int)*N, A);
 
    //运行["./kernel.cu"]文件中指定的["fill"]函数, 前两个参数设定了gridSize和blockSize
    //{ "a_dev", N }是C++11中的initializer_list, 如果是字符串则对应前面申请的显存数组名,否则是变量类型
    cuder.launch(dim3(512, 1, 1), dim3(256, 1, 1), module_file, "fill", { "a_dev", N });
 
    //将["a_dev"]对应的显存数组拷贝回[A]
    cuder.fetchArray("a_dev", sizeof(int)*N, A);
    return 0;
}
 
std::string get_ptx_path(const char* cuFile){
    std::string path = "./ptx/";
 
#ifdef WIN32
    path += "Win32/";
#else
    path += "x64/";
#endif
 
#ifdef _DEBUG
    path += "Debug/";
#else
    path += "Release/";
#endif
    return path + cuFile + ".ptx";
}

cuder.addModule(...)函数的参数是一个.cu文件或者.ptx文件。

1. 如果是.cu文件，该函数负责将函数编译成ptx代码。然后封装到CUmodule里。
2. 如果是.ptx文件，该函数只是将ptx封装到CUmodule里。
建议使用第二种方式，nvidia的optix就是这么做的。好处是在编译阶段编译总比运行时编译好，如果代码有错误编译时就会提示。这时需要两点配置：
2.a 在生成依赖项里添加cuda 编译器，然后相应的.cu文件设定为用该编译器编译。
2.b 设定将.cu文件生成到指定路径下的ptx文件，然后在程序中指定该ptx文件的路径。

下面贴上Cuder.h的代码

#pragma once
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <nvrtc.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <cudaProfiler.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <helper_cuda_drvapi.h>
 
namespace redips{
    class Cuder{
        CUcontext context;
        std::map <std::string, CUmodule> modules;
        std::map <std::string, CUdeviceptr> devptrs;
 
        Cuder(){
            checkCudaErrors(cuCtxCreate(&context, 0, cuDevice));
        }
        void release(){
            //for (auto module : modules) delete module.second;
            for (auto dptr : devptrs)    cuMemFree(dptr.second);
            devptrs.clear();
            modules.clear();
            cuCtxDestroy(context);
        }
    public:
        class ValueHolder{
        public:
            void * value = nullptr;
            bool is_string = false;
            ValueHolder(const char* str){
                value = (void*)str;
                is_string = true;
            }
            template <typename T>
            ValueHolder(const T& data){
                value = new T(data);
            }
        };
 
        static Cuder getInstance(){
            if (!cuda_enviroment_initialized) initialize();
            return Cuder();
        }
 
        //forbidden copy-constructor and assignment function
        Cuder(const Cuder&) = delete;
        Cuder& operator= (const Cuder& another) = delete;
 
        Cuder(Cuder&& another){
            this->context = another.context;
            another.context = nullptr;
            this->devptrs = std::map<std::string, CUdeviceptr>(std::move(another.devptrs));
            this->modules = std::map<std::string, CUmodule>(std::move(another.modules));
        }
        Cuder& operator= (Cuder&& another) {
            if (this->context == another.context) return *this;
            release();
            this->context = another.context;
            another.context = nullptr;
            this->devptrs = std::map<std::string, CUdeviceptr>(std::move(another.devptrs));
            this->modules = std::map<std::string, CUmodule>(std::move(another.modules));
            return *this;
        }
 
        virtual ~Cuder(){ release();    };
 
    public:
        bool launch(dim3 gridDim, dim3 blockDim, std::string module, std::string kernel_function, std::initializer_list<ValueHolder> params){
            //get kernel address
            if (!modules.count(module)){
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: doesn't exists an module named " << module << std::endl; return false;
            }
            CUfunction kernel_addr;
            if (CUDA_SUCCESS != cuModuleGetFunction(&kernel_addr, modules[module], kernel_function.c_str())){
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: doesn't exists an kernel named " << kernel_function << " in module " << module << std::endl; return false;
            }
            //setup params
            std::vector<void*> pamary;
            for (auto v : params){
                if (v.is_string){
                    if (devptrs.count((const char*)(v.value))) pamary.push_back((void*)(&(devptrs[(const char*)(v.value)])));
                    else{
                        std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: launch failed. doesn't exists an array named " << (const char*)(v.value) << std::endl;;
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                else pamary.push_back(v.value);
            }
 
            cudaEvent_t start, stop;
            float elapsedTime = 0.0;
            cudaEventCreate(&start);
            cudaEventCreate(&stop);
            cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
 
            bool result = (CUDA_SUCCESS == cuLaunchKernel(kernel_addr,/* grid dim */gridDim.x, gridDim.y, gridDim.z, /* block dim */blockDim.x, blockDim.y, blockDim.z, /* shared mem, stream */ 0, 0, &pamary[0], /* arguments */0));
            cuCtxSynchronize();
 
            cudaEventRecord(stop, 0);
            cudaEventSynchronize(stop);
            cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsedTime, start, stop);
            std::cout << "[Cuder] : launch finish. cost " << elapsedTime << "ms" << std::endl;
            return result;
        }
        bool addModule(std::string cufile){
            if (modules.count(cufile)){
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: already has an modules named " << cufile << std::endl;;
                return false;
            }
 
            std::string ptx = get_ptx(cufile);
 
            if (ptx.length() > 0){
                CUmodule module;
                checkCudaErrors(cuModuleLoadDataEx(&module, ptx.c_str(), 0, 0, 0));
                modules[cufile] = module;
                return true;
            }
            else{
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: add module " << cufile << " failed!\n";
                return false;
            }
        }
        void applyArray(const char* name, size_t size, void* h_ptr=nullptr){
            if (devptrs.count(name)){
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: already has an array named " << name << std::endl;;
                return;
            }
            CUdeviceptr d_ptr;
            checkCudaErrors(cuMemAlloc(&d_ptr, size));
            if (h_ptr)
                checkCudaErrors(cuMemcpyHtoD(d_ptr, h_ptr, size));
            devptrs[name] = d_ptr;
        }
        void fetchArray(const char* name, size_t size,void * h_ptr){
            if (!devptrs.count(name)){
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: doesn't exists an array named " << name << std::endl;;
                return;
            }
            checkCudaErrors(cuMemcpyDtoH(h_ptr, devptrs[name], size));
        }
 
    private:
        static int devID;
        static CUdevice cuDevice;
        static bool cuda_enviroment_initialized;
        static void initialize(){
            // picks the best CUDA device [with highest Gflops/s] available
            devID = gpuGetMaxGflopsDeviceIdDRV();
            checkCudaErrors(cuDeviceGet(&cuDevice, devID));
            // print device information
            {
                char name[100]; int major = 0, minor = 0;
                checkCudaErrors(cuDeviceGetName(name, 100, cuDevice));
                checkCudaErrors(cuDeviceComputeCapability(&major, &minor, cuDevice));
                printf("[Cuder] : Using CUDA Device [%d]: %s, %d.%d compute capability\n", devID, name, major, minor);
            }
            //initialize
            checkCudaErrors(cuInit(0));
 
            cuda_enviroment_initialized = true;
        }
        //如果是ptx文件则直接返回文件内容，如果是cu文件则编译后返回ptx
        std::string get_ptx(std::string filename){
            std::ifstream inputFile(filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
            if (!inputFile.is_open()) {
                std::cerr << "[Cuder] : error: unable to open " << filename << " for reading!\n";
                return "";
            }
 
            std::streampos pos = inputFile.tellg();
            size_t inputSize = (size_t)pos;
            char * memBlock = new char[inputSize + 1];
 
            inputFile.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
            inputFile.read(memBlock, inputSize);
            inputFile.close();
            memBlock[inputSize] = '\x0';
 
            if (filename.find(".ptx") != std::string::npos)
                return std::string(std::move(memBlock));
            // compile
            nvrtcProgram prog;
            if (nvrtcCreateProgram(&prog, memBlock, filename.c_str(), 0, NULL, NULL) == NVRTC_SUCCESS){
                delete memBlock;
                if (nvrtcCompileProgram(prog, 0, nullptr) == NVRTC_SUCCESS){
                    // dump log
                    size_t logSize;
                    nvrtcGetProgramLogSize(prog, &logSize);
                    if (logSize>0){
                        char *log = new char[logSize + 1];
                        nvrtcGetProgramLog(prog, log);
                        log[logSize] = '\x0';
                        std::cout << "[Cuder] : compile [" << filename << "] " << log << std::endl;
                        delete(log);
                    }
                    else std::cout << "[Cuder] : compile [" << filename << "] finish" << std::endl;
 
                    // fetch PTX
                    size_t ptxSize;
                    nvrtcGetPTXSize(prog, &ptxSize);
                    char *ptx = new char[ptxSize+1];
                    nvrtcGetPTX(prog, ptx);
                    nvrtcDestroyProgram(&prog);
                    return std::string(std::move(ptx));
                }
            }
            delete memBlock;
            return "";
        }
    };
    bool Cuder::cuda_enviroment_initialized = false;
    int Cuder::devID = 0;
    CUdevice Cuder::cuDevice = 0;
};

下面贴一下VS里面需要的配置

//include
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v7.5\include
C:\ProgramData\NVIDIA Corporation\CUDA Samples\v7.5\common\inc
//lib
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v7.5\lib\x64
 
cuda.lib
cudart.lib
nvrtc.lib