NET Core里Jwt的生成倒是不麻烦,就是要踩完坑才知道正确的生成姿势……

Jwt的结构

jwt的结构是{Header}.{Playload}.{Signature}三截。其中Header和Playload是base64编码字符串,Signature是签名字符串。

Header是比较固定的

typ是固定的“JWT”。

alg是你使用的签名算法,通常有HS256和RS256两种。

例子:

{
"alg": "RS256",
"typ": "JWT"
}

Playload你要写入自定义内容的区域。

例子:

{
"role": "myRole",
"org": "myOrg",
"jti": "a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158",
"nbf": 1498397026,
"exp": 1498483426,
"iat": 1498397026,
"iss": "Zonciu"
}

Signature是使用Header中alg的算法来对{Header}.{Playload}这个结构进行签名生成一个字符串,然后接到Jwt串的最后,形成带签名的Jwt。在签发Token之后,其他应用就可以使用相同的算法和Key来重新运算并对比签名,由此判断Token中的信息是否被修改过。

注意:Jwt默认是明文的,不要把敏感数据放到playload里去,当然你可以先把要放进去的数据先加密,把密文放到playload里(但是最好不要这样做)。

Jwt创建过程

在NET Core 1.1里是通过JwtSecurityTokenHandler(程序集System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt)这个类来创建Jwt。

但是创建Jwt之前还要先生成一个SecurityTokenDescriptor(程序集Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens),所以就比较绕。

Jwt工厂代码:

我这里用的是RS256签名(RsaSecurityKey),是用私钥签名,公钥验证。如果是要用HS256的话,就把签名和验证的SecurityKey都换成SymmetricSecurityKey(如果我没记错的话)

这里的公钥密钥是方便测试所以硬编码的,生产环境不要这样搞。

public class JwtFactory
{
public const string publicKey = @"-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEArM1i3Q9ukD7DWhuYWFFH
fAR0Ao8W5OnrlaZH2aB2G+dgvrlW6VzFVtjZQLWkQ488j65MTS7Nr0GITsoGB5r4
LRdnua5PwkLCML9ZaqOejMYix4mc7ZfencsQvy5bHotfvEAad42IhvHROseqC77W
5Zbt+YDtA7aU2aBKzHufZ1vPgWKPOgGVJup6sjqviXz3qP2HD5K9ae0iyYDptKKN
e5kb36DNTD7P62yWrVpZpy0MpMkCBZJdDeUgtA3lsxY5FcEaB5Bk+O695djogq84
vsyTKP1Jp6GrgszIuJCb52dI5c1lY5tN6bxsMTYB/Hxhgo7dGG/LBU9lMoT83E15
KQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
"; public const string privateKey = @"-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
"; public const string JwtAlgorithm = "RS256";
public const string Issuer = "Zonciu";
public const int Lifttime = ; private TokenValidationParameters _tokenValidationParameters { get; set; } = new TokenValidationParameters()
{
ValidateActor = false,
ValidateAudience = false, ValidateIssuer = true,
ValidIssuer = "Zonciu", ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
IssuerSigningKey = new RsaSecurityKey(Rsa.CreateFromPublicKey(publicKey)), ValidateLifetime = true,
RequireExpirationTime = true,
}; private SigningCredentials _signingCredentials { get; set; } =
new SigningCredentials(new RsaSecurityKey(Rsa.CreateFromPrivateKey(privateKey)), JwtAlgorithm); private JwtSecurityTokenHandler _jwtSecurityTokenHandler { get; set; } = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler(); /// <summary>
/// 创建编码后的Jwt
/// </summary>
/// <param name="claimsIdentity">身份声明</param>
/// <param name="jwtId">令牌Id</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public string CreateEncodedJwt(ClaimsIdentity claimsIdentity, string jwtId)
{
var jwtDesc = CreateSecurityTokenDescriptor(claimsIdentity, jwtId);
return _jwtSecurityTokenHandler.CreateEncodedJwt(jwtDesc);
} /// <summary>
/// 创建Jwt
/// </summary>
/// <param name="descriptor"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public JwtSecurityToken CreateJwt(SecurityTokenDescriptor descriptor)
{
return _jwtSecurityTokenHandler.CreateJwtSecurityToken(descriptor);
} /// <summary>
/// 创建Jwt描述
/// </summary>
/// <param name="claimsIdentity">身份声明</param>
/// <param name="jwtId">令牌Id</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public SecurityTokenDescriptor CreateSecurityTokenDescriptor(ClaimsIdentity claimsIdentity, string jwtId)
{
claimsIdentity.AddClaim(new Claim("jti", jwtId));
var issueTime = DateTime.Now;
var jwtDesc = new SecurityTokenDescriptor
{
Issuer = Issuer,
IssuedAt = issueTime,
Expires = issueTime + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Lifttime),
SigningCredentials = _signingCredentials,
Subject = claimsIdentity
};
return jwtDesc;
} /// <summary>
/// 校验Jwt
/// </summary>
/// <param name="jwtToken"></param>
/// <param name="securityToken"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public ClaimsPrincipal ValidateJwtToken(string jwtToken, out SecurityToken securityToken)
{
return _jwtSecurityTokenHandler.ValidateToken(jwtToken, _tokenValidationParameters, out securityToken);
}
}

ValidateJwtToken中校验失败直接抛出异常,校验成功则返回ClaimsPrincipal(Controller里HttpContext.User这货),并out出从string解析到的SecurityToken(Jwt反序列化的意思)。在NET Core 1.1里不用主动调用验证方法,这里只是用来做测试或者其他用途。

测试:

 public static void JwtTest()
{
var jwtFactory = new JwtFactory(); var claims = new List<Claim>()
{
new Claim("role", "myRole"),
new Claim("org", "myOrg")
};
var jti = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
var jwtString = jwtFactory.CreateEncodedJwt(new ClaimsIdentity(claims), jti);
var jwt = jwtFactory.CreateJwt(jwtFactory.CreateSecurityTokenDescriptor(new ClaimsIdentity(claims), jti));
var claimsPrincipal = jwtFactory.ValidateJwtToken(jwtString, out var token);
var jwtClaims = claimsPrincipal.Claims.Select(
claim => new
{
claim.Type,
claim.Value
}).ToList();
Console.WriteLine(
$@"
playloadClaims: {jwtClaims.ToJsonString(camelCase: false, indented: true)} jwtString: {jwtString} token.ToJsonString: {token.ToJsonString(camelCase: false, indented: true)} jwt: {jwt}.{jwt.RawSignature} ");
}

输出结果:

playloadClaims: [
{
"Type": "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role",
"Value": "myRole"
},
{
"Type": "org",
"Value": "myOrg"
},
{
"Type": "jti",
"Value": "a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158"
},
{
"Type": "nbf",
"Value": "1498397026"
},
{
"Type": "exp",
"Value": "1498483426"
},
{
"Type": "iat",
"Value": "1498397026"
},
{
"Type": "iss",
"Value": "Zonciu"
}
] jwtString: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyb2xlIjoibXlSb2xlIiwib3JnIjoibXlPcmciLCJqdGkiOiJhOGI4ZWE0MjFlODM0ZmQxYjkwYWMwOWRiZjQwZTE1OCIsIm5iZiI6MTQ5ODM5NzAyNiwiZXhwIjoxNDk4NDgzNDI2LCJpYXQiOjE0OTgzOTcwMjYsImlzcyI6IlpvbmNpdSJ9.F5g9XanhffrPGwlvve5YA7fxU9-ENnunkqxTuRKE5rTWo2fthxs_MHXew44LJ21MJOxeWgS6j5Asws9VAjHGjOuxclFxhuf4jTE9otk4w8JEKf8IHhERJy4qKO1ooNUM3wp-WGzreJNCWRNxax2eT4EiCJZsawUBZtl-r4yztNMUGea37wgnta4CyzZTzNErzDeaAZLMb96YYdOjKSKP5Od5Hm-W0tqWaRhyzOTQ9nqHW7AV_g7qffUBQGUwqdL8H4dsDxzelS2xY5Ypjr-a2Z6hByYPPwyiBXkwXJYO9wKCSVuG72Y54UG_6R-dbowPmTwvirsnyeqWjQ2dFY0l9Q token.ToJsonString: {
"Actor": null,
"Audiences": [],
"Claims": [
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "role",
"Value": "myRole",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "org",
"Value": "myOrg",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "jti",
"Value": "a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "nbf",
"Value": "1498397026",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "exp",
"Value": "1498483426",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "iat",
"Value": "1498397026",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
},
{
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"OriginalIssuer": "Zonciu",
"Properties": {},
"Subject": null,
"Type": "iss",
"Value": "Zonciu",
"ValueType": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
}
],
"EncodedHeader": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9",
"EncodedPayload": "eyJyb2xlIjoibXlSb2xlIiwib3JnIjoibXlPcmciLCJqdGkiOiJhOGI4ZWE0MjFlODM0ZmQxYjkwYWMwOWRiZjQwZTE1OCIsIm5iZiI6MTQ5ODM5NzAyNiwiZXhwIjoxNDk4NDgzNDI2LCJpYXQiOjE0OTgzOTcwMjYsImlzcyI6IlpvbmNpdSJ9",
"Header": {
"alg": "RS256",
"typ": "JWT"
},
"Id": "a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158",
"Issuer": "Zonciu",
"Payload": {
"role": "myRole",
"org": "myOrg",
"jti": "a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158",
"nbf": 1498397026,
"exp": 1498483426,
"iat": 1498397026,
"iss": "Zonciu"
},
"InnerToken": null,
"RawAuthenticationTag": null,
"RawCiphertext": null,
"RawData": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyb2xlIjoibXlSb2xlIiwib3JnIjoibXlPcmciLCJqdGkiOiJhOGI4ZWE0MjFlODM0ZmQxYjkwYWMwOWRiZjQwZTE1OCIsIm5iZiI6MTQ5ODM5NzAyNiwiZXhwIjoxNDk4NDgzNDI2LCJpYXQiOjE0OTgzOTcwMjYsImlzcyI6IlpvbmNpdSJ9.F5g9XanhffrPGwlvve5YA7fxU9-ENnunkqxTuRKE5rTWo2fthxs_MHXew44LJ21MJOxeWgS6j5Asws9VAjHGjOuxclFxhuf4jTE9otk4w8JEKf8IHhERJy4qKO1ooNUM3wp-WGzreJNCWRNxax2eT4EiCJZsawUBZtl-r4yztNMUGea37wgnta4CyzZTzNErzDeaAZLMb96YYdOjKSKP5Od5Hm-W0tqWaRhyzOTQ9nqHW7AV_g7qffUBQGUwqdL8H4dsDxzelS2xY5Ypjr-a2Z6hByYPPwyiBXkwXJYO9wKCSVuG72Y54UG_6R-dbowPmTwvirsnyeqWjQ2dFY0l9Q",
"RawEncryptedKey": null,
"RawInitializationVector": null,
"RawHeader": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9",
"RawPayload": "eyJyb2xlIjoibXlSb2xlIiwib3JnIjoibXlPcmciLCJqdGkiOiJhOGI4ZWE0MjFlODM0ZmQxYjkwYWMwOWRiZjQwZTE1OCIsIm5iZiI6MTQ5ODM5NzAyNiwiZXhwIjoxNDk4NDgzNDI2LCJpYXQiOjE0OTgzOTcwMjYsImlzcyI6IlpvbmNpdSJ9",
"RawSignature": "F5g9XanhffrPGwlvve5YA7fxU9-ENnunkqxTuRKE5rTWo2fthxs_MHXew44LJ21MJOxeWgS6j5Asws9VAjHGjOuxclFxhuf4jTE9otk4w8JEKf8IHhERJy4qKO1ooNUM3wp-WGzreJNCWRNxax2eT4EiCJZsawUBZtl-r4yztNMUGea37wgnta4CyzZTzNErzDeaAZLMb96YYdOjKSKP5Od5Hm-W0tqWaRhyzOTQ9nqHW7AV_g7qffUBQGUwqdL8H4dsDxzelS2xY5Ypjr-a2Z6hByYPPwyiBXkwXJYO9wKCSVuG72Y54UG_6R-dbowPmTwvirsnyeqWjQ2dFY0l9Q",
"SecurityKey": null,
"SignatureAlgorithm": "RS256",
"SigningCredentials": null,
"EncryptingCredentials": null,
"SigningKey": {
"HasPrivateKey": false,
"KeySize": 2048,
"Parameters": {
"D": null,
"DP": null,
"DQ": null,
"Exponent": null,
"InverseQ": null,
"Modulus": null,
"P": null,
"Q": null
},
"Rsa": {
"LegalKeySizes": [
{
"MinSize": 512,
"MaxSize": 16384,
"SkipSize": 64
}
],
"KeySize": 2048
},
"KeyId": null,
"CryptoProviderFactory": {
"CustomCryptoProvider": null
}
},
"Subject": null,
"ValidFrom": "2017-06-25T13:23:46Z",
"ValidTo": "2017-06-26T13:23:46Z"
} jwt: {"alg":"RS256","typ":"JWT"}.{"role":"myRole","org":"myOrg","jti":"a8b8ea421e834fd1b90ac09dbf40e158","nbf":1498397026,"exp":1498483426,"iat":1498397026,"iss":"Zonciu"}.F5g9XanhffrPGwlvve5YA7fxU9-ENnunkqxTuRKE5rTWo2fthxs_MHXew44LJ21MJOxeWgS6j5Asws9VAjHGjOuxclFxhuf4jTE9otk4w8JEKf8IHhERJy4qKO1ooNUM3wp-WGzreJNCWRNxax2eT4EiCJZsawUBZtl-r4yztNMUGea37wgnta4CyzZTzNErzDeaAZLMb96YYdOjKSKP5Od5Hm-W0tqWaRhyzOTQ9nqHW7AV_g7qffUBQGUwqdL8H4dsDxzelS2xY5Ypjr-a2Z6hByYPPwyiBXkwXJYO9wKCSVuG72Y54UG_6R-dbowPmTwvirsnyeqWjQ2dFY0l9Q

公钥和密钥是openssl生成的2048位key

openssl genrsa -out rsa_private_key.pem 2048
openssl rsa -in rsa_private_key.pem -pubout -out rsa_public_key.pem

把jwtString和公钥、密钥拿去https://jwt.io/验证成功

Jwt在NET Core 1.1的引入方式:

在Startup的Configure方法中加入这个(JwtOptions和JwtEventsDefaults是我自己写的类)

因为Jwt校验失败的原因有很多种,校验失败时触发OnAuthenticationFailed事件,这个部分可以自己实现,也可以不管,默认会在Response的Header里添加错误信息。

 app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(
new JwtBearerOptions
{
RequireHttpsMetadata = jwtFactory.JwtOptions.EnableHttps,
AutomaticAuthenticate = true,
AutomaticChallenge = true,
Events = new JwtBearerEvents()
{
OnAuthenticationFailed = JwtEventsDefaults.AuthenticationFailed
},
ClaimsIssuer = jwtFactory.JwtOptions.Issuer,
TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
ValidateAudience = false,
ValidateActor = false,
ValidateIssuer = true,
ValidIssuer = jwtFactory.JwtOptions.Issuer,
ValidateLifetime = true,
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
IssuerSigningKey = new RsaSecurityKey(jwtFactory.JwtOptions.PublicRsa),
RequireExpirationTime = true,
}
});

有一个比较头疼的地方就是role这个claim,在jwt里是“role”没有变,解析之后会变成“http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role”,这里要小心。(话说谁有办法解决这个问题吗?虽说改个名字就能避免被转换,但是好别扭也好憋屈……)

Jwt的删除办法

在我的实现中是添加了“jti”这个键,即Jwt Id,当服务端需要使Jwt提前失效,只能通过stateful的方式处理(因为你没办法保证客户端那边真的删掉了这个Jwt,比如证件你只能登报声明作废,但是如果其他单位没有检查作废信息,别人拿着你的证件去搞事情一样会通过),即在服务端把这个jti加入黑名单,黑名单删除时间是Jwt有效期之后的时间。这样的话就可以使得Jwt失效前通过黑名单来完成拒绝,黑名单清除之后通过Jwt的exp来完成拒绝。

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