Chap2: question: 1

1. 赋值运算符函数（或应说复制拷贝函数问题）

class A
{
private:
	int value;
public:
	A(int n) : value(n) {}
	A(A O) { value = O.value; } // Compile Error : (const A& O)
};

因为，A a(0); A b = a; 就会使程序陷入死循环。

2. 实现 Singleton 模式 (C#)

（博客待加设计模式总结）

3.二维数组中的查找

Sample:

二维数组：Matrix[4][4]，行列都是递增。

1 　　2　　 8　　 9

2 　　4　　 9　　12

4 　　7 　　10 　 13

6 　　8 　　11 　 15

判断 value = 7 是否在数组。

思路：从右上角开始，若大于 7 删去一列；若小于 7 删去一行。

代码：

#include<iostream>
const int N = ;
int data[][N] = {{, , , },{ , , , },{, , , }, {, , , }};
 
bool find(int (*matrix)[N], int row, int column, int value)
{
    int r  = , c = column - ;
    while(r < row && c >= )
    {
        if(matrix[r][c] == value) return true;
        if(matrix[r][c] > value) --c;
        else ++r;
    }
    return false;
}
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << find(data, , , ) << std::endl;
    return ;
}

4.替换空格时间：O(n) 空间：O(1)

Sample:

输入: S:"We are happy."

输出：S:"We%20are%20happy."

 #include<stdio.h>
 #include<string.h>
 const int N = ;
 /* length  is the full capacity of the string, max number of elements is length-1*/
 void ReplaceBank(char s[], int length){
     if(s == NULL && length <= ) return; // program robustness
     int nowLength = -, numberOfBlank = ;
     while(s[++nowLength] != '\0'){
         if(s[nowLength] == ' ') ++numberOfBlank;
     }
     int newLength = nowLength + numberOfBlank * ;  // newLength is the number of elements
     if(newLength >= length) return;
 
     int idOfNow = nowLength, idOfNew = newLength; // both point to '/0'
     while(idOfNow >= ){      /* key program */
         if(s[idOfNow] == ' ') {
             strncpy(s+idOfNew-, "%20", );
             idOfNew -= ;
             --idOfNow;
         }else
             s[idOfNew--] = s[idOfNow--];
     }
 }
 
 int main(){
     char s[N] = "We are happy.";
     puts(s);
     ReplaceBank(s,N);
     puts(s);
     return ;
 }

Code

5.从尾到头打印链表

1. 询问是否可以改变链表结构，若可以，则空间O(1)；否则，

2. 使用栈，或者递归。

a. 使用栈：

 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <stack>
 
 struct LinkNode{
     char e;
     LinkNode *next;
 };
 
 void print(LinkNode *Head)
 {
     std::stack<char> st;
     while(Head != NULL)
     {
         st.push(Head->e);
         Head = Head->next;
     }
     while(!st.empty())
     {
         printf("%c ", st.top());
         st.pop();
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 
 LinkNode* init(const std::string &s)
 {
     size_t i = ;
     LinkNode *head, *p;
     p = head = NULL;
     while(i < s.length())
     {
         LinkNode *p2 = new LinkNode;
         p2->e = s[i++]; p2->next = NULL;
         if(head == NULL)
             head = p = p2;
         else
         {
             p->next = p2;
             p = p->next;
         }
     }
     return head;
 }
 void release(LinkNode *Head){
     if(Head == NULL) return;
     release(Head->next);
     delete[] Head;
     Head = NULL;
 }
 int main()
 {
     const std::string s = "ABCDEFG";
     LinkNode *Head = init(s);
     print(Head);
     release(Head);
     return ;
 }

Code

b. 使用递归:

void RecursivePrint(LinkNode *Head)
{
    if(Head == NULL) return;
    RecursivePrint(Head->next);
    printf("%c ", Head->e);
}

6. 重建二叉树

　　a. 前序 && 中序

 #include <cstdio>
 #include <queue>
 struct BTNode{
     int value;
     BTNode *pLeft;
     BTNode *pRight;
     BTNode(int x) : value(x), pLeft(NULL), pRight(NULL) {}
 };
 
 BTNode* constructCore(int *startPreOrder, int *endPreOrder, int *startInOrder, int *endInOrder)
 {
     int rootValue = startPreOrder[];
     BTNode *root = new BTNode(rootValue);
     int *rootInOrder = startInOrder;
     while(*rootInOrder != rootValue && rootInOrder <= endInOrder) ++rootInOrder;
     if(*rootInOrder != rootValue) { printf("Invalid Input!"); return NULL; }
 
     int leftLength = rootInOrder - startInOrder;
     if(leftLength > )
     {
         root->pLeft = constructCore(startPreOrder + , startPreOrder + leftLength,
             startInOrder, startInOrder + leftLength - );
     }
     if(rootInOrder != endInOrder)
     {
         root->pRight = constructCore(startPreOrder + leftLength + , endPreOrder,
             rootInOrder + , endInOrder);
     }
     return root;
 }
 
 BTNode* construct(int *preOrder, int *inOrder, int length)
 {
     if(preOrder == NULL || inOrder == NULL || length <= )
         return NULL;
     return constructCore(preOrder, preOrder + length - , inOrder, inOrder + length -);
 }
 void print(BTNode *root)
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
 
     std::queue<BTNode*> qu;
     qu.push(root);
     while(!qu.empty())
     {
         BTNode *p = qu.front();
         qu.pop();
         if(p->pLeft) qu.push(p->pLeft);
         if(p->pRight) qu.push(p->pRight);
         printf("%d ", p->value);
     }
 }
 void release(BTNode *root)
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     release(root->pLeft);
     release(root->pRight);
     delete[] root;
     root = NULL;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     int preOrder[] = {, , , , , , , };
     int inOrder[] = {, , , , , , , };
     BTNode *root = construct(preOrder, inOrder, );
     print(root);
     release(root);
     return ;
 }

Code

　　　　二叉树的各种遍历：

 #include <cstdio>
 #include <queue>
 #include <stack>
 struct BTNode{
     int value;
     BTNode *pLeft;
     BTNode *pRight;
     BTNode(int x) : value(x), pLeft(NULL), pRight(NULL) {}
 };
 
 BTNode* constructCore(int *startPreOrder, int *endPreOrder, int *startInOrder, int *endInOrder)
 {
     int rootValue = startPreOrder[];
     BTNode *root = new BTNode(rootValue);
     int *rootInOrder = startInOrder;
     while(*rootInOrder != rootValue && rootInOrder <= endInOrder) ++rootInOrder;
     if(*rootInOrder != rootValue) { printf("Invalid Input!\n"); return NULL; }
 
     int leftLength = rootInOrder - startInOrder;
     if(leftLength > )
     {
         root->pLeft = constructCore(startPreOrder + , startPreOrder + leftLength,
             startInOrder, startInOrder + leftLength - );
     }
     if(rootInOrder != endInOrder)
     {
         root->pRight = constructCore(startPreOrder + leftLength + , endPreOrder,
             rootInOrder + , endInOrder);
     }
     return root;
 }
 
 BTNode* construct(int *preOrder, int *inOrder, int length)
 {
     if(preOrder == NULL || inOrder == NULL || length <= )
         return NULL;
     return constructCore(preOrder, preOrder + length - , inOrder, inOrder + length -);
 }
 void levelOrderPrint(BTNode *root)
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     printf("BFS：");
     std::queue<BTNode*> qu;
     qu.push(root);
     while(!qu.empty())
     {
         BTNode *p = qu.front();
         qu.pop();
         if(p->pLeft) qu.push(p->pLeft);
         if(p->pRight) qu.push(p->pRight);
         printf("%-3d ", p->value);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 void preORderPrint2(BTNode *root) // preORder
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     printf("DLR: ");
     std::stack<BTNode*> st;
     st.push(root);
     while(!st.empty())
     {
         BTNode *p = st.top();
         st.pop();
         if(p->pRight) st.push(p->pRight);
         if(p->pLeft) st.push(p->pLeft);
         printf("%-3d ", p->value);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 void inOrderPrint3(BTNode *root) // inOrder
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     printf("LDR: ");
     std::stack<BTNode*> st;
     st.push(root);
     BTNode *p = root;
     while(p->pLeft)
     {
         st.push(p->pLeft);
         p = p->pLeft;
     }
     while(!st.empty())
     {
         p = st.top();
         st.pop();
         if(p->pRight)
         {
             BTNode *q = p->pRight;
             st.push(q);
             while(q->pLeft) { st.push(q->pLeft); q = q->pLeft; }
         }
         printf("%-3d ", p->value);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 void postOrderPrint4(BTNode *root) // postOrder
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     printf("LRD: ");
     std::stack<BTNode*>st;
     st.push(root);
     BTNode *p = root;
     while(p->pLeft || p->pRight)
     {
         while(p->pLeft) { st.push(p->pLeft); p = p->pLeft; }
         if(p->pRight) { st.push(p->pRight); p = p->pRight; }
     }
     //bool tag = true;
     while(!st.empty())
     {
         BTNode *q = st.top();
         st.pop();
         if(!st.empty())
         {
             p = st.top();
             if(p->pRight && p->pRight != q)
             {
                 st.push(p->pRight); p = p->pRight;
                 while(p->pLeft || p->pRight)
                 {
                     while(p->pLeft) { st.push(p->pLeft); p = p->pLeft; }
                     if(p->pRight) { st.push(p->pRight); p = p->pRight; }
                 }
             }
         }
         printf("%-3d ", q->value);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 void DFSPrint(BTNode *root,const int nVertex)
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     printf("DFS: ");
     bool *visit = new bool[nVertex];
     memset(visit, false, nVertex);
     std::stack<BTNode*> st;
     st.push(root);
     visit[root->value] = true;
     while(!st.empty())
     {
         BTNode *p = st.top();
         st.pop();
         if(p->pRight && !visit[p->pRight->value]) { st.push(p->pRight); visit[p->pRight->value] = true; }
         if(p->pLeft && !visit[p->pLeft->value]) { st.push(p->pLeft); visit[p->pLeft->value];}
         printf("%-3d ", p->value);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 void release(BTNode *root)
 {
     if(root == NULL) return;
     release(root->pLeft);
     release(root->pRight);
     delete[] root;
     root = NULL;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     int preOrder[] = {, , , , , , , , , , , , , , };
     int inOrder[] = {, , , , , , , , , , , , , , };
     BTNode *root = construct(preOrder, inOrder, );
     levelOrderPrint(root);
     preORderPrint2(root);
     inOrderPrint3(root);
     postOrderPrint4(root);
     DFSPrint(root, +);
     release(root);
     return ;
 }

Code

7.用两个栈实现队列

 #include <cstdio>
 #include <stack>
 #include <exception>
 template<typename T> class CQueue
 {
 public:
     void appendTail(T x);
     T deleteHead();
 private:
     std::stack<T> st1;
     std::stack<T> st2;
 };
 template<typename T>void CQueue<T>::appendTail(T x)
 {
     st1.push(x);
 }
 template<typename T>T CQueue<T>::deleteHead()
 {
     if(st2.empty())
     {
         if(st1.empty()) throw new std::exception("queue is empty!");
         while(!st1.empty())
         {
             st2.push(st1.top());
             st1.pop();
         }
     }
     T v = st2.top();
     st2.pop();
     return v;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     printf("Test int:\n");
     CQueue<int> qu;
     qu.appendTail();
     qu.appendTail();
     printf("%d\n",qu.deleteHead());
     printf("%d\n",qu.deleteHead());
 
     printf("Test char*:\n");
     CQueue<char*> qu2;
     qu2.appendTail("Hello");
     qu2.appendTail("World!");
     printf("%s\n",qu2.deleteHead());
     printf("%s\n",qu2.deleteHead());
     //printf("%s\n",qu2.deleteHead());
     return ;
 }

Code

8.旋转数组的最小数字

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 
 int MinInorder(int *numbers, int low, int high)
 {
     int minNum = numbers[low];
     while(++low <= high)
     {
         if(numbers[low] < minNum)
             minNum = numbers[low];
     }
     return minNum;
 }
 
 int Min(int *numbers, int length)
 {
     if(numbers == NULL || length <= ) throw new exception("Invalid parameters!");
     int low = , high = length - ;
     int mid = low;   // note
     while(numbers[low] >= numbers[high]) // note >=
     {
         if(high - low == )
         {
             mid = high;
             break;
         }
         mid = (low + high) >> ;
         if(numbers[mid] == numbers[low] && numbers[mid] == numbers[high]) return MinInorder(numbers, low, high);
         else if(numbers[mid] >= numbers[low]) low = mid;
         else if(numbers[mid] <= numbers[high]) high = mid;
     }
     return numbers[mid];
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     int test1[] = {, , , , };
     cout << "Test1: " << Min(test1, sizeof(test1)/) << endl;
 
     int test2[] = {, , , , };
     cout << "Test2: " << Min(test2, sizeof(test2)/) << endl;
 
     return ;
 }

Code

9.斐波那契数列第 n 项

a. 动态规划（从低到高保存结果）

int Fibonacci1(unsigned long long N)
{
	long long fibN;
	long long a[] = {0, 1};
	if(N < 2) return a[N];
	while(N >= 2)
	{
		fibN = (a[0] + a[1]) % M;
		a[0] = a[1];
		a[1] = fibN;
		--N;
	}
	return (int)fibN;
}

b1.矩阵二分乘（递归）

const int M = 1e+9 +7 ;
struct Matrix{
	long long e[2][2];
};
Matrix Mat;
 
Matrix multiplyMatrix(Matrix &A, Matrix &B)
{
	Matrix C;
	for(int i = 0; i < 2; ++i){
		for(int j = 0; j < 2; ++j){
			C.e[i][j] = ((A.e[i][0] * B.e[0][j]) % M + (A.e[i][1] * B.e[1][j]) % M) % M;
		}
	}
	return C;
}
Matrix getMatrix(long long n)
{
	if(n == 1) return Mat;
	Matrix tem = getMatrix(n>>1);
	tem = multiplyMatrix(tem,tem);
	if((n & 0x1) == 0) return tem;
	else
		return multiplyMatrix(Mat,tem);
}
 
int Fibonacci2(long long N)
{
	if(N == 0) return 0;
	if(N == 1) return 1;
	Mat.e[0][0] = 1; Mat.e[0][1] = 1;
	Mat.e[1][0] = 1; Mat.e[1][1] = 0;
	Matrix result = getMatrix(N-1);
	return (int)result.e[0][0];
}

b2. 矩阵二分乘(非递归)

const int M = 1000000007;
struct Matrix{
	long long e[2][2];
};
Matrix Mat;
 
Matrix multiplyMatrix(Matrix &A, Matrix &B)
{
	Matrix C;
	for(int i = 0; i < 2; ++i){
		for(int j = 0; j < 2; ++j){
			C.e[i][j] = ((A.e[i][0] * B.e[0][j]) % M + (A.e[i][1] * B.e[1][j]) % M) % M;
		}
	}
	return C;
}
Matrix getMatrix(Matrix base, long long N)
{
	Matrix T;                   // set one unit matrix
	T.e[0][0] = T.e[1][1] = 1;
	T.e[0][1] = T.e[1][0] = 0;
	while(N - 1 != 0)
	{
		if(N & 0x1) T = multiplyMatrix(T, base);
		base = multiplyMatrix(base, base);
		N >>= 1;
	}
	return multiplyMatrix(T, base);
}
 
int Fibonacci2(long long N)
{
	if(N == 0) return 0;
	if(N == 1) return 1;
	Mat.e[0][0] = 1; Mat.e[0][1] = 1;
	Mat.e[1][0] = 1; Mat.e[1][1] = 0;
	Matrix result = getMatrix(Mat, N-1);
	return (int)result.e[0][0];
}

两种方法效率的比较：

 #include <iostream>
 #include <ctime>
 using namespace std;
 const int M = ;
 struct Matrix{
     long long e[][];
 };
 Matrix Mat;
 
 Matrix multiplyMatrix(Matrix &A, Matrix &B)
 {
     Matrix C;
     for(int i = ; i < ; ++i){
         for(int j = ; j < ; ++j){
             C.e[i][j] = ((A.e[i][] * B.e[][j]) % M + (A.e[i][] * B.e[][j]) % M) % M;
         }
     }
     return C;
 }
 Matrix getMatrix(Matrix base, long long N)
 {
     Matrix T;                   // set one unit matrix
     T.e[][] = T.e[][] = ;
     T.e[][] = T.e[][] = ;
     while(N -  != )
     {
         if(N & 0x1) T = multiplyMatrix(T, base);
         base = multiplyMatrix(base, base);
         N >>= ;
     }
     return multiplyMatrix(T, base);
 }
 
 int Fibonacci2(long long N)
 {
     if(N == ) return ;
     if(N == ) return ;
     Mat.e[][] = ; Mat.e[][] = ;
     Mat.e[][] = ; Mat.e[][] = ;
     Matrix result = getMatrix(Mat, N-);
     return (int)result.e[][];
 }
 
 int Fibonacci1(long long N)
 {
     long long fibN;
     long long a[] = {, };
     if(N < ) return (int)a[N];
     while(N >= )
     {
         fibN = (a[] + a[]) % M;
         a[] = a[];
         a[] = fibN;
         --N;
     }
     return (int)fibN;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     unsigned long long N;
     while(cin >> N)
     {
         /* method 1: DP  */
         clock_t start = clock();
         int fibN = Fibonacci1(N);
         clock_t end = clock();
         cout << "method1：" << fibN << " time: " << end-start << "ms" << endl;
         /* method 2   */
         start = clock();
         fibN = Fibonacci2(N);
         end = clock();
         cout << "method2：" << fibN << " time: " << end-start << "ms" << endl;
     }
     return ;
 }

Code

10.一个整数的二进制表示中 1 的个数。（包含正负数）

需要注意的是：—1 >> (任意位) == —1；负数 >> +∞ == —1。（（—1）₁₀ == （0xffffffff）₁₆ ）

a. 利用辅助变量，每次判断 n 的一位。

 int numberOf1(int n)
 {
     int count = ;
     int flag = ;
     while(flag)
     {
         if(n & flag) count ++;
         flag <<= ;
     }
     return count;
 }

Code

b. 利用 n 的性质。

 #include <iostream>
 int numberOf1(int n){
     int count = ;
     while(n){
         count ++;
         n &= (n-);
     }
     return count;
 }
 int main(){
     int N;
     while(std::cin >> N){
         std::cout << "has 1: " << numberOf1(N) << std::endl;
     }
     return ;
 }

Code

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