一、作用域

对作用域来说，只要变量在内存里面存在就可以使用:

  1.  if ==:
  2.      name = 'saneri'
  3.  print  name

二、三元运算

  1. result =  值1  if  条件  else  值2

如果条件为真：result = 值1
如果条件为假：result = 值2

实例：

  1. a = 1
  2. b = 2
  3. c = a if a > 1 else b   # 如果a大于1的话，c=a，否则c=b

三、进制

  • 二进制，01
  • 八进制，01234567
  • 十进制，0123456789
  • 十六进制，0123456789ABCDE

对于Python 一切事物都是对象，对象基于类创建.类里面保存了对象的方法和功能:

通过type可以查看对象的类型
 dir（类型名）查看类中提供的所有功能
 help(类型名) 查看类中所有详细的功能
 help（类型名.功能名） 查看类中某功能的详细信息.

  1. dir(list)
  2. 私有方法'__add__', '__class__', '__contains__'     可能有多种执行方式
  3.  
  4. 非内置方法： 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert'  只有一种执行方式，通过对象.方法来调用.

一、整数

创建数字方法
i = 10
i = int(10)
i = int("10",base=2)

  1.  divmod(,)  求商和余数  ---》分页
  2.  all()         接收一个序列，判断，所有值都是真，返回真，负责返回假.
  3.  any()         只要有一个是真，就是真.
  1. class int(object):
  2.     """
  3.     int(x=) -> int or long
  4.     int(x, base=) -> int or long
  5.  
  6.     Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
  7.     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  8.     If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
  9.  
  10.     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
  11.     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
  12.     literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
  13.     The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.  Base  means to
  14.     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
  15.     >>> int('0b100', base=)
  16.  
  17.     """
  18.     def bit_length(self):
  19.         """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
  20.         """
  21.         int.bit_length() -> int
  22.  
  23.         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
  24.         >>> bin()
  25.         '0b100101'
  26.         >>> ().bit_length()
  27.  
  28.         """
  29.         return 
  30.  
  31.     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  32.         """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
  33.         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
  34.         pass
  35.  
  36.     def __abs__(self):
  37.         """ 返回绝对值 """
  38.         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
  39.         pass
  40.  
  41.     def __add__(self, y):
  42.         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
  43.         pass
  44.  
  45.     def __and__(self, y):
  46.         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
  47.         pass
  48.  
  49.     def __cmp__(self, y):
  50.         """ 比较两个数大小 """
  51.         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
  52.         pass
  53.  
  54.     def __coerce__(self, y):
  55.         """ 强制生成一个元组 """
  56.         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
  57.         pass
  58.  
  59.     def __divmod__(self, y):
  60.         """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
  61.         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
  62.         pass
  63.  
  64.     def __div__(self, y):
  65.         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
  66.         pass
  67.  
  68.     def __float__(self):
  69.         """ 转换为浮点类型 """
  70.         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
  71.         pass
  72.  
  73.     def __floordiv__(self, y):
  74.         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
  75.         pass
  76.  
  77.     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  78.         pass
  79.  
  80.     def __getattribute__(self, name):
  81.         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  82.         pass
  83.  
  84.     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  85.         """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
  86.         pass
  87.  
  88.     def __hash__(self):
  89.         """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
  90.         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
  91.         pass
  92.  
  93.     def __hex__(self):
  94.         """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
  95.         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
  96.         pass
  97.  
  98.     def __index__(self):
  99.         """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
  100.         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
  101.         pass
  102.  
  103.     def __init__(self, x, base=): # known special case of int.__init__
  104.         """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
  105.         """
  106.         int(x=) -> int or long
  107.         int(x, base=) -> int or long
  108.  
  109.         Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
  110.         are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  111.         If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
  112.  
  113.         If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
  114.         Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
  115.         literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
  116.         The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.  Base  means to
  117.         interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
  118.         >>> int('0b100', base=)
  119.  
  120.         # (copied from class doc)
  121.         """
  122.         pass
  123.  
  124.     def __int__(self):
  125.         """ 转换为整数 """
  126.         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
  127.         pass
  128.  
  129.     def __invert__(self):
  130.         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
  131.         pass
  132.  
  133.     def __long__(self):
  134.         """ 转换为长整数 """
  135.         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
  136.         pass
  137.  
  138.     def __lshift__(self, y):
  139.         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
  140.         pass
  141.  
  142.     def __mod__(self, y):
  143.         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
  144.         pass
  145.  
  146.     def __mul__(self, y):
  147.         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
  148.         pass
  149.  
  150.     def __neg__(self):
  151.         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
  152.         pass
  153.  
  154.     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  155.     def __new__(S, *more):
  156.         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  157.         pass
  158.  
  159.     def __nonzero__(self):
  160.         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
  161.         pass
  162.  
  163.     def __oct__(self):
  164.         """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
  165.         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
  166.         pass
  167.  
  168.     def __or__(self, y):
  169.         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
  170.         pass
  171.  
  172.     def __pos__(self):
  173.         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
  174.         pass
  175.  
  176.     def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
  177.         """ 幂，次方 """
  178.         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  179.         pass
  180.  
  181.     def __radd__(self, y):
  182.         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
  183.         pass
  184.  
  185.     def __rand__(self, y):
  186.         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
  187.         pass
  188.  
  189.     def __rdivmod__(self, y):
  190.         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
  191.         pass
  192.  
  193.     def __rdiv__(self, y):
  194.         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
  195.         pass
  196.  
  197.     def __repr__(self):
  198.         """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
  199.         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  200.         pass
  201.  
  202.     def __str__(self):
  203.         """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
  204.         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
  205.         pass
  206.  
  207.     def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
  208.         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
  209.         pass
  210.  
  211.     def __rlshift__(self, y):
  212.         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
  213.         pass
  214.  
  215.     def __rmod__(self, y):
  216.         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
  217.         pass
  218.  
  219.     def __rmul__(self, y):
  220.         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
  221.         pass
  222.  
  223.     def __ror__(self, y):
  224.         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
  225.         pass
  226.  
  227.     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
  228.         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  229.         pass
  230.  
  231.     def __rrshift__(self, y):
  232.         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
  233.         pass
  234.  
  235.     def __rshift__(self, y):
  236.         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
  237.         pass
  238.  
  239.     def __rsub__(self, y):
  240.         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
  241.         pass
  242.  
  243.     def __rtruediv__(self, y):
  244.         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
  245.         pass
  246.  
  247.     def __rxor__(self, y):
  248.         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
  249.         pass
  250.  
  251.     def __sub__(self, y):
  252.         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
  253.         pass
  254.  
  255.     def __truediv__(self, y):
  256.         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
  257.         pass
  258.  
  259.     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
  260.         """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
  261.         pass
  262.  
  263.     def __xor__(self, y):
  264.         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
  265.         pass
  266.  
  267.     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  268.     """ 分母 = 1 """
  269.     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
  270.  
  271.     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  272.     """ 虚数，无意义 """
  273.     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
  274.  
  275.     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  276.     """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
  277.     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
  278.  
  279.     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  280.     """ 实属，无意义 """
  281.     """the real part of a complex number"""

int

二、长整型

可能如：2147483649、9223372036854775807

每个长整型都具备如下功能：

  1. class long(object):
  2.     """
  3.     long(x=) -> long
  4.     long(x, base=) -> long
  5.  
  6.     Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments
  7.     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  8.  
  9.     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
  10.     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
  11.     literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
  12.     The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.  Base  means to
  13.     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
  14.     >>> int('0b100', base=)
  15.     4L
  16.     """
  17.     def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  18.         """
  19.         long.bit_length() -> int or long
  20.  
  21.         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
  22.         >>> bin(37L)
  23.         '0b100101'
  24.         >>> (37L).bit_length()
  25.  
  26.         """
  27.         return 
  28.  
  29.     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  30.         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """
  31.         pass
  32.  
  33.     def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  34.         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
  35.         pass
  36.  
  37.     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  38.         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
  39.         pass
  40.  
  41.     def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  42.         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
  43.         pass
  44.  
  45.     def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  46.         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
  47.         pass
  48.  
  49.     def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  50.         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
  51.         pass
  52.  
  53.     def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  54.         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
  55.         pass
  56.  
  57.     def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  58.         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
  59.         pass
  60.  
  61.     def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  62.         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
  63.         pass
  64.  
  65.     def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  66.         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
  67.         pass
  68.  
  69.     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  70.         pass
  71.  
  72.     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  73.         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  74.         pass
  75.  
  76.     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  77.         pass
  78.  
  79.     def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  80.         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
  81.         pass
  82.  
  83.     def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  84.         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
  85.         pass
  86.  
  87.     def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  88.         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
  89.         pass
  90.  
  91.     def __init__(self, x=): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  92.         pass
  93.  
  94.     def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  95.         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
  96.         pass
  97.  
  98.     def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  99.         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
  100.         pass
  101.  
  102.     def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  103.         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
  104.         pass
  105.  
  106.     def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  107.         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
  108.         pass
  109.  
  110.     def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  111.         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
  112.         pass
  113.  
  114.     def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  115.         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
  116.         pass
  117.  
  118.     def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  119.         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
  120.         pass
  121.  
  122.     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  123.     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  124.         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  125.         pass
  126.  
  127.     def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  128.         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
  129.         pass
  130.  
  131.     def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  132.         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
  133.         pass
  134.  
  135.     def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  136.         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
  137.         pass
  138.  
  139.     def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  140.         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
  141.         pass
  142.  
  143.     def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  144.         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  145.         pass
  146.  
  147.     def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  148.         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
  149.         pass
  150.  
  151.     def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  152.         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
  153.         pass
  154.  
  155.     def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  156.         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
  157.         pass
  158.  
  159.     def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  160.         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
  161.         pass
  162.  
  163.     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  164.         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  165.         pass
  166.  
  167.     def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  168.         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
  169.         pass
  170.  
  171.     def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  172.         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
  173.         pass
  174.  
  175.     def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  176.         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
  177.         pass
  178.  
  179.     def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  180.         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
  181.         pass
  182.  
  183.     def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  184.         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
  185.         pass
  186.  
  187.     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  188.         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  189.         pass
  190.  
  191.     def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  192.         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
  193.         pass
  194.  
  195.     def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  196.         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
  197.         pass
  198.  
  199.     def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  200.         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
  201.         pass
  202.  
  203.     def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  204.         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
  205.         pass
  206.  
  207.     def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  208.         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
  209.         pass
  210.  
  211.     def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  212.         """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
  213.         pass
  214.  
  215.     def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  216.         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
  217.         pass
  218.  
  219.     def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  220.         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
  221.         pass
  222.  
  223.     def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  224.         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
  225.         pass
  226.  
  227.     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  228.         """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
  229.         pass
  230.  
  231.     def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  232.         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
  233.         pass
  234.  
  235.     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  236.     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
  237.  
  238.     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  239.     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
  240.  
  241.     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  242.     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
  243.  
  244.     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  245.     """the real part of a complex number"""

long

三、浮点型

如：3.14、2.88

每个浮点型都具备如下功能：

  1. class float(object):
  2.     """
  3.     float(x) -> floating point number
  4.  
  5.     Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.
  6.     """
  7.     def as_integer_ratio(self):
  8.         """ 获取改值的最简比 """
  9.         """
  10.         float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
  11.  
  12.         Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
  13.         float and with a positive denominator.
  14.         Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
  15.  
  16.         >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
  17.         (, )
  18.         >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
  19.         (, )
  20.         >>> (-.).as_integer_ratio()
  21.         (-, )
  22.         """
  23.         pass
  24.  
  25.     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  26.         """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """
  27.         pass
  28.  
  29.     def fromhex(self, string):
  30.         """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """
  31.         """
  32.         float.fromhex(string) -> float
  33.  
  34.         Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
  35.         >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
  36.         2047.984375
  37.         >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
  38.         -4.9406564584124654e-324
  39.         """
  40.         return 0.0
  41.  
  42.     def hex(self):
  43.         """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """
  44.         """
  45.         float.hex() -> string
  46.  
  47.         Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
  48.         >>> (-0.1).hex()
  49.         '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
  50.         >>> 3.14159.hex()
  51.         '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
  52.         """
  53.         return ""
  54.  
  55.     def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  56.         """ Return True if the float is an integer. """
  57.         pass
  58.  
  59.     def __abs__(self):
  60.         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
  61.         pass
  62.  
  63.     def __add__(self, y):
  64.         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
  65.         pass
  66.  
  67.     def __coerce__(self, y):
  68.         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
  69.         pass
  70.  
  71.     def __divmod__(self, y):
  72.         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
  73.         pass
  74.  
  75.     def __div__(self, y):
  76.         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
  77.         pass
  78.  
  79.     def __eq__(self, y):
  80.         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
  81.         pass
  82.  
  83.     def __float__(self):
  84.         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
  85.         pass
  86.  
  87.     def __floordiv__(self, y):
  88.         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
  89.         pass
  90.  
  91.     def __format__(self, format_spec):
  92.         """
  93.         float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
  94.  
  95.         Formats the float according to format_spec.
  96.         """
  97.         return ""
  98.  
  99.     def __getattribute__(self, name):
  100.         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  101.         pass
  102.  
  103.     def __getformat__(self, typestr):
  104.         """
  105.         float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
  106.  
  107.         You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
  108.         used in Python's test suite.
  109.  
  110.         typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  This function returns whichever of
  111.         'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
  112.         format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr.
  113.         """
  114.         return ""
  115.  
  116.     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  117.         pass
  118.  
  119.     def __ge__(self, y):
  120.         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
  121.         pass
  122.  
  123.     def __gt__(self, y):
  124.         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
  125.         pass
  126.  
  127.     def __hash__(self):
  128.         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
  129.         pass
  130.  
  131.     def __init__(self, x):
  132.         pass
  133.  
  134.     def __int__(self):
  135.         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
  136.         pass
  137.  
  138.     def __le__(self, y):
  139.         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
  140.         pass
  141.  
  142.     def __long__(self):
  143.         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
  144.         pass
  145.  
  146.     def __lt__(self, y):
  147.         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
  148.         pass
  149.  
  150.     def __mod__(self, y):
  151.         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
  152.         pass
  153.  
  154.     def __mul__(self, y):
  155.         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
  156.         pass
  157.  
  158.     def __neg__(self):
  159.         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
  160.         pass
  161.  
  162.     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  163.     def __new__(S, *more):
  164.         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  165.         pass
  166.  
  167.     def __ne__(self, y):
  168.         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
  169.         pass
  170.  
  171.     def __nonzero__(self):
  172.         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
  173.         pass
  174.  
  175.     def __pos__(self):
  176.         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
  177.         pass
  178.  
  179.     def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
  180.         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  181.         pass
  182.  
  183.     def __radd__(self, y):
  184.         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
  185.         pass
  186.  
  187.     def __rdivmod__(self, y):
  188.         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
  189.         pass
  190.  
  191.     def __rdiv__(self, y):
  192.         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
  193.         pass
  194.  
  195.     def __repr__(self):
  196.         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  197.         pass
  198.  
  199.     def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
  200.         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
  201.         pass
  202.  
  203.     def __rmod__(self, y):
  204.         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
  205.         pass
  206.  
  207.     def __rmul__(self, y):
  208.         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
  209.         pass
  210.  
  211.     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
  212.         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
  213.         pass
  214.  
  215.     def __rsub__(self, y):
  216.         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
  217.         pass
  218.  
  219.     def __rtruediv__(self, y):
  220.         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
  221.         pass
  222.  
  223.     def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):
  224.         """
  225.         float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
  226.  
  227.         You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
  228.         used in Python's test suite.
  229.  
  230.         typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  fmt must be one of 'unknown',
  231.         'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
  232.         one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
  233.  
  234.         Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
  235.         This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings.
  236.         """
  237.         pass
  238.  
  239.     def __str__(self):
  240.         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
  241.         pass
  242.  
  243.     def __sub__(self, y):
  244.         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
  245.         pass
  246.  
  247.     def __truediv__(self, y):
  248.         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
  249.         pass
  250.  
  251.     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  252.         """ Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """
  253.         pass
  254.  
  255.     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  256.     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
  257.  
  258.     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
  259.     """the real part of a complex number"""

float

  1. _hash__   在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键
  2. __hex__   """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
  3. __oct__   返回改值的 八进制 表示 """

四、字符串

如：'saneri'、'abcd'

每个字符串都具备如下功能：

  1.  """
  2.      str(object='') -> string
  3.  
  4.      Return a nice string representation of the object.
  5.      If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
  6.      """
  7.      def capitalize(self):
  8.          """ 首字母变大写 """
  9.          """
  10.          S.capitalize() -> string
  11.  
  12.          Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
  13.          capitalized.
  14.          """
  15.          return ""
  16.  　　　　　
  17.      def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
  18.          """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
  19.          """
  20.          S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
  21.         >>> s = "alex"
  22.  　　　   　 >>> s.center(30, "*")
  23.             '*************alex*************'
  24.          Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
  25.          done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
  26.          """
  27.          return ""
  28.  
  29.      def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
  30.          """ 子序列个数 """
  31.          """
  32.          S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
  33.          s.count("a",0,5)  start，end找，下标的位置
  34.          Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
  35.          string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
  36.          as in slice notation.
  37.          """
  38.          return 0
  39.  
  40.      def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
  41.          """ 解码"""
  42.          """
  43.          S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
  44.  
  45.          Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
  46.          to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
  47.          handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
  48.          a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
  49.          as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
  50.          able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
  51.          """
  52.          return object()
  53.  
  54.      def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
  55.          """ 编码，针对unicode """
  56.          """
  57.          S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
  58.  
  59.          Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
  60.          to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
  61.          handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
  62.          a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
  63.          'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
  64.          codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
  65.          """
  66.          return object()
  67.  
  68.      def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
  69.          """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
  70.          """
  71.          S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
  72.  
  73.          Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
  74.          With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
  75.          With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
  76.          suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
  77.          """
  78.          return False
  79.  
  80.      def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
  81.          """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
  82.          """
  83.          S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
  84.  
  85.          Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
  86.          If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
  87.          """
  88.          return ""
  89.  
  90.      def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
  91.          """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """
  92.          """
  93.          S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
  94.  
  95.          Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
  96.          such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
  97.          arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
  98.  
  99.          Return -1 on failure.
  100.          """
  101.          return 0
  102.  
  103.      def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
  104.          """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
  105.          """
  106.          S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
  107.  
  108.          Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
  109.          The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
  110.          """
  111.          pass
  112.  
  113.      def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
  114.          """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1  """
  115.          S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
  116.  
  117.          Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
  118.          """
  119.          return 0
  120.  
  121.      def isalnum(self):
  122.          """ 是否是字母和数字 """
  123.          """
  124.          S.isalnum() -> bool
  125.  
  126.          Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
  127.          and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
  128.          """
  129.          return False
  130.  
  131.      def isalpha(self):
  132.          """ 是否是字母 """
  133.          """
  134.          S.isalpha() -> bool
  135.  
  136.          Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
  137.          and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
  138.          """
  139.          return False
  140.  
  141.      def isdigit(self):
  142.          """ 是否是数字 """
  143.          """
  144.          S.isdigit() -> bool
  145.  
  146.          Return True if all characters in S are digits
  147.          and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
  148.          """
  149.          return False
  150.  
  151.      def islower(self):
  152.          """ 是否小写 """
  153.          """
  154.          S.islower() -> bool
  155.  
  156.          Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
  157.          at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
  158.          """
  159.          return False
  160.  
  161.      def isspace(self):
  162.          """
  163.          S.isspace() -> bool
  164.  
  165.          Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
  166.          and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
  167.          """
  168.          return False
  169.  
  170.      def istitle(self):
  171.          """
  172.          S.istitle() -> bool
  173.  
  174.          Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
  175.          character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
  176.          characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
  177.          otherwise.
  178.          """
  179.          return False
  180.  
  181.      def isupper(self):
  182.          """
  183.          S.isupper() -> bool
  184.  
  185.          Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
  186.          at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
  187.          """
  188.          return False
  189.  
  190.      def join(self, iterable):
  191.          """ 连接 """
  192.          """
  193.          S.join(iterable) -> string
  194.  
  195.          Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
  196.          iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
  197.          """
  198.          return ""
  199.  
  200.      def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
  201.          """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
  202.          """
  203.          S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
  204.  
  205.          Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
  206.          done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
  207.          """
  208.          return ""
  209.  
  210.      def lower(self):
  211.          """ 变小写 """
  212.          """
  213.          S.lower() -> string
  214.  
  215.          Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
  216.          """
  217.          return ""
  218.  
  219.      def lstrip(self, chars=None):
  220.          """ 移除左侧空白 """
  221.          """
  222.          S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
  223.  
  224.          Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
  225.          If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
  226.          If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
  227.          """
  228.          return ""
  229.  
  230.      def partition(self, sep):
  231.          """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
  232.          """
  233.          S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
  234.  
  235.          Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
  236.          the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
  237.          found, return S and two empty strings.
  238.          """
  239.          pass
  240.  
  241.      def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
  242.          """ 替换 """
  243.          """
  244.          S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
  245.  
  246.          Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
  247.          old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
  248.          given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
  249.          """
  250.          return ""
  251.  
  252.      def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
  253.          """
  254.          S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
  255.  
  256.          Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
  257.          such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
  258.          arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
  259.  
  260.          Return -1 on failure.
  261.          """
  262.          return 0
  263.  
  264.      def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
  265.          """
  266.          S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
  267.  
  268.          Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
  269.          """
  270.          return 0
  271.  
  272.      def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
  273.          """
  274.          S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
  275.  
  276.          Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
  277.          done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
  278.          """
  279.          return ""
  280.  
  281.      def rpartition(self, sep):
  282.          """
  283.          S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
  284.  
  285.          Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
  286.          the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
  287.          separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
  288.          """
  289.          pass
  290.  
  291.      def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
  292.          """
  293.          S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
  294.  
  295.          Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
  296.          delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
  297.          to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
  298.          done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
  299.          is a separator.
  300.          """
  301.          return []
  302.  
  303.      def rstrip(self, chars=None):
  304.          """
  305.          S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
  306.  
  307.          Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
  308.          If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
  309.          If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
  310.          """
  311.          return ""
  312.  
  313.      def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
  314.          """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
  315.          """
  316.          S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
  317.  
  318.          Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
  319.          delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
  320.          splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
  321.          whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
  322.          from the result.
  323.          """
  324.          return []
  325.  
  326.      def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
  327.          """ 根据换行分割 """
  328.          """
  329.          S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
  330.  
  331.          Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
  332.          Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
  333.          is given and true.
  334.          """
  335.          return []
  336.  
  337.      def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
  338.          """ 是否起始 """
  339.          """
  340.          S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
  341.  
  342.          Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
  343.          With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
  344.          With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
  345.          prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
  346.          """
  347.          return False
  348.  
  349.      def strip(self, chars=None):
  350.          """ 移除两端空白 """
  351.          """
  352.          S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
  353.  
  354.          Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
  355.          whitespace removed.
  356.          If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
  357.          If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
  358.          """
  359.          return ""
  360.  
  361.      def swapcase(self):
  362.          """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
  363.          """
  364.          S.swapcase() -> string
  365.  
  366.          Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
  367.          converted to lowercase and vice versa.
  368.          """
  369.          return ""
  370.  
  371.      def title(self):
  372.          """
  373.          S.title() -> string
  374.  
  375.          Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
  376.          characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
  377.          """
  378.          return ""
  379.  
  380.      def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
  381.          """
  382.          转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
  383.          intab = "aeiou"
  384.          outtab = ""
  385.          trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
  386.          str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
  387.          print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
  388.          """
  389.  
  390.          """
  391.          S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
  392.  
  393.          Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
  394.          in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
  395.          remaining characters have been mapped through the given
  396.          translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
  397.          If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
  398.          the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
  399.          """
  400.          return ""
  401.  
  402.      def upper(self):
  403.          """
  404.          S.upper() -> string
  405.  
  406.          Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
  407.          """
  408.          return ""
  409.  
  410.      def zfill(self, width):
  411.          """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
  412.          """
  413.          S.zfill(width) -> string
  414.  
  415.          Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
  416.          of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
  417.          """
  418.          return ""
  419.  
  420.      def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  421.          pass
  422.  
  423.      def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  424.          pass
  425.  
  426.      def __add__(self, y):
  427.          """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
  428.          pass
  429.  
  430.      def __contains__(self, y):
  431.          """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
  432.          pass
  433.  
  434.      def __eq__(self, y):
  435.          """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
  436.          pass
  437.  
  438.      def __format__(self, format_spec):
  439.          """
  440.          S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
  441.  
  442.          Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
  443.          """
  444.          return ""
  445.  
  446.      def __getattribute__(self, name):
  447.          """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  448.          pass
  449.  
  450.      def __getitem__(self, y):
  451.          """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
  452.          pass
  453.  
  454.      def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  455.          pass
  456.  
  457.      def __getslice__(self, i, j):
  458.          """
  459.          x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
  460.  
  461.                     Use of negative indices is not supported.
  462.          """
  463.          pass
  464.  
  465.      def __ge__(self, y):
  466.          """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
  467.          pass
  468.  
  469.      def __gt__(self, y):
  470.          """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
  471.          pass
  472.  
  473.      def __hash__(self):
  474.          """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
  475.          pass
  476.  
  477.      def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
  478.          """
  479.          str(object='') -> string
  480.  
  481.          Return a nice string representation of the object.
  482.          If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
  483.          # (copied from class doc)
  484.          """
  485.          pass
  486.  
  487.      def __len__(self):
  488.          """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
  489.          pass
  490.  
  491.      def __le__(self, y):
  492.          """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
  493.          pass
  494.  
  495.      def __lt__(self, y):
  496.          """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
  497.          pass
  498.  
  499.      def __mod__(self, y):
  500.          """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
  501.          pass
  502.  
  503.      def __mul__(self, n):
  504.          """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
  505.          pass
  506.  
  507.      @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  508.      def __new__(S, *more):
  509.          """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  510.          pass
  511.  
  512.      def __ne__(self, y):
  513.          """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
  514.          pass
  515.  
  516.      def __repr__(self):
  517.          """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  518.          pass
  519.  
  520.      def __rmod__(self, y):
  521.          """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
  522.          pass
  523.  
  524.      def __rmul__(self, n):
  525.          """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
  526.          pass
  527.  
  528.      def __sizeof__(self):
  529.          """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
  530.          pass
  531.  
  532.      def __str__(self):
  533.          """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
  534.          pass
  535.  
  536.  str

str

五、列表

List是处理和存放一组数据的列表

如：[11,22,33]、['saneri', 'alex']

每个列表都具备如下功能：

List操作包含以下函数:
cmp(list1, list2)：    比较两个列表的元素,两个元素相同返回0，前大后小返回1，前小后大返回-1
len(list)：                列表元素个数
max(list)：              返回列表元素最大值
min(list)：               返回列表元素最小值
list('var')：               将元素转换为列表
del L[1]                   删除指定下标的元素
del L[1:3]                删除指定下标范围的元素

List操作包含以下方法:
L.append('var') 　　　　　　 append方法用于在列表的尾部追加元素，参数'var'是插入元素的值
L.insert(index,'var') 　　　　用于将对象插入到列表中，俩个参数，第一个是索引位置，第二个插入的元素对象.
L.pop() 　　　　　　　　　　 返回列表最后一个元素，并从List中删除.
Lpop(index) 　　　　　　　　返回列表索引的元素，并删除.
L.count(var) 　　　　　　　  该元素在列表中出现的个数
L.index('var') 　　　　　　　 取出元素的位置(下标)，无则抛出异常.
L.remove('var') 　　　　　　 remove方法用于从列表中移除第一次的值(值如果有重复则删除第一个)
L.sort() 　　　　　　　　　　排序
L.reverse() 　　　　　　　　 倒序
L.extend(list1) 　　　　　　 extend方法用于将两个列表合并，将list1列表的值添加到L列表的后面。

Python列表脚本操作符:

List 中 + 和 * 的操作符与字符串相似。+ 号用于组合列表，* 号用于重复列表。

Python列表截取:
Python的列表截取与字符串操作类型，如下所示:

L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!','xusandu']

实例：

  1.  >>> ShoppingList = ['car','clothers','iphone']                  //定义列表
  2.  >>> ShoppingList.append('Alex')            　　　　　　　　　　　　//在列表中插入'Alex'字符
  3.  >>> ShoppingList                    　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　//查看列表
  4.  ['car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
  5.  >>> ShoppingList.insert(,'top')           　　　　　　　　 //在列表下标为零处(即列表第一个元素)，插入‘top’元素
  6.  >>> ShoppingList
  7.  ['top', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
  8.  >>>
  9.  >>> ShoppingList[]                    　　　　//查看下标为零的元素
  10.  'top'
  11.  >>> ShoppingList[]                    　　　　//查看下标为2的元素
  12.  'clothers'
  13.  >>> ShoppingList[] = 'car'                　　//将下标为0的元素(即‘top’字符)替换为‘car’
  14.  >>> ShoppingList
  15.  ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
  16.  >>> ShoppingList.pop()                　　　　//列表最后一个元素(Alex)，并从List中删除掉
  17.  'Alex'
  18.  >>> ShoppingList
  19.  ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone']
  20.  >>>
  21.  >>> ShoppingList.remove('iphone')             //从列表中移除'iphone'元素
  22.  >>> ShoppingList
  23.  ['car', 'car', 'clothers']
  24.  >>>
  25.  >>> ShoppingList.append('rain')
  26.  >>> ShoppingList.count('car')                //统计列表中元素'car'的个数
  27.  
  28.  >>> 'car' in ShoppingList                　　//List列表中查找'car'元素，如果存在则返回Ture
  29.  True
  30.  >>>
  31.  >>> ShoppingList
  32.  ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain']
  33.  >>> ShoppingList.index('rain')
  34.  
  35.  >>> ShoppingList
  36.  ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain']
  37.  >>> del ShoppingList[]                //使用del 函数删除List中下标为0的元素.
  38.  >>> ShoppingList
  39.  ['car', 'clothers', 'rain']
  40.  >>>

六、元组(tuple)

不可变序列-----元组 tuple 
元组通过圆括号中用逗号分隔的项目定义,不可以添加和删除元组.

如：(11,22,33)、('saneri', 'alex')

每个元组都具备如下功能：connt,index

  1.  >>> name_tuple = ('a','b','c','a','b')
  2.  >>> type(name_tuple)
  3.  <type 'tuple'>
  4.  >>> name_tuple.count('a')
  5.  
  6.  >>> name_tuple.index('b')             //获取b元素下标位置.
  7.

七、字典

字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。
映射类型对象里哈希值（键，key）和指向的对象（值，value）是一对多的的关系，通常被认为是可变的哈希表。
字典对象是可变的，它是一个容器类型，能存储任意个数的Python对象，其中也可包括其他容器类型。

技巧：
字典中包含列表：dict = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}
字典中包含字典：dict = {"Wangwu" : {"age" : 23,"job":"IT"},"Song" : {"age":22,"job":"dota"}}

Dict 操作包含以下方法:
D = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}

D.clear() 　　 　　 　　 清空字典D中的内容
D.keys() 　　 　　 　　  查看字典所有主键

D.values() 　　　　 　　 查看字典所有value内容

D.popitem() 　　 　　  默认删除第一个键值

D.has_key('rain') 　　  查询字典中是否有某个键

D['James'] = '23' 　　  添加新item到字典

str(D) 　　　　　　　　 输出字典可打印的字符串表示

del D['rain'] 　　　　　删除item

cmp(a,b) 　　　　　　 首先比较主键长度，然后比较键大小，然后比较键值大小，（第一个大返回1，小返回-1，一样返回0）

D.fromkeys(seq[, value])) 　　 fromkeys()方法从序列键和值设置为value来创建一个新的字典。实例如下：

  1.  seq = ('name', 'age', 'sex')
  2.  dict = dict.fromkeys(seq)
  3.  print "New Dictionary : %s" %  str(dict)
  4.  
  5.  dict = dict.fromkeys(seq, )
  6.  print "New Dictionary : %s" %  str(dict)
  7.  
  8.  当我们运行上面的程序，它会产生以下结果：
  9.  New Dictionary : {'age': None, 'name': None, 'sex': None}
  10.  New Dictionary : {'age': , 'name': , 'sex': }

fromkeys方法

setdefault()　　　　　　　　　　setdefault() 函数和get()方法类似, 如果键不已经存在于字典中，将会添加键并将值设为默认值。

  1.  dict.setdefault(key, default=None)
  2.  key -- 查找的键值.
  3.  
  4.  default -- 键不存在时，设置的默认键值。
  5.  dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': }
  6.  
  7.  print "Value : %s" %  dict.setdefault('Age', None)
  8.  print "Value : %s" %  dict.setdefault('Sex', None)
  9.  以上实例输出结果为：
  10.  Value :
  11.  Value : None

setdefault

每个字典具备如下功能：

  1.  class dict(object):
  2.      """
  3.      dict() -> new empty dictionary
  4.      dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  5.          (key, value) pairs
  6.      dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
  7.          d = {}
  8.          for k, v in iterable:
  9.              d[k] = v
  10.      dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
  11.          in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
  12.      """
  13.  
  14.      def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  15.          """ 清除内容 """
  16.          """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
  17.          pass
  18.  
  19.      def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  20.          """ 浅拷贝 """
  21.          """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
  22.          pass
  23.  
  24.      @staticmethod # known case
  25.      def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  26.          """
  27.          dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
  28.          v defaults to None.
  29.          """
  30.          pass
  31.  
  32.      def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  33.          """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
  34.          """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
  35.          pass
  36.  
  37.      def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  38.          """ 是否有key """
  39.          """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
  40.          return False
  41.  
  42.      def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  43.          """ 所有项的列表形式 """
  44.          """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
  45.          return []
  46.  
  47.      def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  48.          """ 项可迭代 """
  49.          """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
  50.          pass
  51.  
  52.      def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  53.          """ key可迭代 """
  54.          """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
  55.          pass
  56.  
  57.      def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  58.          """ value可迭代 """
  59.          """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
  60.          pass
  61.  
  62.      def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  63.          """ 所有的key列表 """
  64.          """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
  65.          return []
  66.  
  67.      def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  68.          """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
  69.          """
  70.          D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
  71.          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
  72.          """
  73.          pass
  74.  
  75.      def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  76.          """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
  77.          """
  78.          D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
  79.          2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
  80.          """
  81.          pass
  82.  
  83.      def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  84.          """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
  85.          """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
  86.          pass
  87.  
  88.      def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
  89.          """ 更新
  90.              {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
  91.              [('name','sbsbsb'),]
  92.          """
  93.          """
  94.          D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
  95.          If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
  96.          If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
  97.          In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
  98.          """
  99.          pass
  100.  
  101.      def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  102.          """ 所有的值 """
  103.          """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
  104.          return []
  105.  
  106.      def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  107.          """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
  108.          """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
  109.          pass
  110.  
  111.      def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  112.          """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
  113.          pass
  114.  
  115.      def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  116.          """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
  117.          pass
  118.  
  119.      def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  120.          """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
  121.          pass
  122.  
  123.      def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  124.          """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
  125.          return False
  126.  
  127.      def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  128.          """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
  129.          pass
  130.  
  131.      def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  132.          """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
  133.          pass
  134.  
  135.      def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  136.          """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  137.          pass
  138.  
  139.      def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  140.          """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
  141.          pass
  142.  
  143.      def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  144.          """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
  145.          pass
  146.  
  147.      def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  148.          """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
  149.          pass
  150.  
  151.      def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
  152.          """
  153.          dict() -> new empty dictionary
  154.          dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  155.              (key, value) pairs
  156.          dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
  157.              d = {}
  158.              for k, v in iterable:
  159.                  d[k] = v
  160.          dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
  161.              in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
  162.          # (copied from class doc)
  163.          """
  164.          pass
  165.  
  166.      def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  167.          """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
  168.          pass
  169.  
  170.      def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  171.          """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
  172.          pass
  173.  
  174.      def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  175.          """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
  176.          pass
  177.  
  178.      def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  179.          """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
  180.          pass
  181.  
  182.      @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  183.      def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  184.          """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  185.          pass
  186.  
  187.      def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  188.          """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
  189.          pass
  190.  
  191.      def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  192.          """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  193.          pass
  194.  
  195.      def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  196.          """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
  197.          pass
  198.  
  199.      def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  200.          """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
  201.          pass
  202.  
  203.      __hash__ = None
  204.  
  205.  dict

dict

八、set集合

set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合

a &b 交集
a | b 并集
a ^ b 取出非交集的数
a -b a里面有b里面没有

  1.  class set(object):
  2.      """
  3.      set() -> new empty set object
  4.      set(iterable) -> new set object
  5.  
  6.      Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
  7.      """
  8.      def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  9.          """ 添加 """
  10.          """
  11.          Add an element to a set.
  12.  
  13.          This has no effect if the element is already present.
  14.          """
  15.          pass
  16.  
  17.      def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  18.          """ Remove all elements from this set. """
  19.          pass
  20.  
  21.      def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  22.          """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
  23.          pass
  24.  
  25.      def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  26.          """
  27.          Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
  28.  
  29.          (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
  30.          """
  31.          pass
  32.  
  33.      def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  34.          """ 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """
  35.          """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
  36.          pass
  37.  
  38.      def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  39.          """ 移除元素 """
  40.          """
  41.          Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
  42.  
  43.          If the element is not a member, do nothing.
  44.          """
  45.          pass
  46.  
  47.      def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  48.          """ 取交集，新创建一个set """
  49.          """
  50.          Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.
  51.  
  52.          (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.)
  53.          """
  54.          pass
  55.  
  56.      def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  57.          """ 取交集，修改原来set """
  58.          """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
  59.          pass
  60.  
  61.      def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  62.          """ 如果没有交集，返回true  """
  63.          """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
  64.          pass
  65.  
  66.      def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  67.          """ 是否是子集 """
  68.          """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
  69.          pass
  70.  
  71.      def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  72.          """ 是否是父集 """
  73.          """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
  74.          pass
  75.  
  76.      def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  77.          """ 移除 """
  78.          """
  79.          Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
  80.          Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
  81.          """
  82.          pass
  83.  
  84.      def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  85.          """ 移除 """
  86.          """
  87.          Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
  88.  
  89.          If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
  90.          """
  91.          pass
  92.  
  93.      def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  94.          """ 差集，创建新对象"""
  95.          """
  96.          Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
  97.  
  98.          (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
  99.          """
  100.          pass
  101.  
  102.      def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  103.          """ 差集，改变原来 """
  104.          """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
  105.          pass
  106.  
  107.      def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  108.          """ 并集 """
  109.          """
  110.          Return the union of sets as a new set.
  111.  
  112.          (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
  113.          """
  114.          pass
  115.  
  116.      def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  117.          """ 更新 """
  118.          """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
  119.          pass
  120.  
  121.      def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  122.          """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
  123.          pass
  124.  
  125.      def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  126.          """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
  127.          pass
  128.  
  129.      def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  130.          """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
  131.          pass
  132.  
  133.      def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  134.          """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
  135.          pass
  136.  
  137.      def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  138.          """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
  139.          pass
  140.  
  141.      def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  142.          """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
  143.          pass
  144.  
  145.      def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  146.          """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
  147.          pass
  148.  
  149.      def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  150.          """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """
  151.          pass
  152.  
  153.      def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
  154.          """
  155.          set() -> new empty set object
  156.          set(iterable) -> new set object
  157.  
  158.          Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
  159.          # (copied from class doc)
  160.          """
  161.          pass
  162.  
  163.      def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  164.          """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """
  165.          pass
  166.  
  167.      def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  168.          """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """
  169.          pass
  170.  
  171.      def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  172.          """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
  173.          pass
  174.  
  175.      def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  176.          """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """
  177.          pass
  178.  
  179.      def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  180.          """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
  181.          pass
  182.  
  183.      def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  184.          """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
  185.          pass
  186.  
  187.      def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  188.          """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
  189.          pass
  190.  
  191.      @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  192.      def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  193.          """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
  194.          pass
  195.  
  196.      def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  197.          """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
  198.          pass
  199.  
  200.      def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  201.          """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
  202.          pass
  203.  
  204.      def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  205.          """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
  206.          pass
  207.  
  208.      def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  209.          """ Return state information for pickling. """
  210.          pass
  211.  
  212.      def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  213.          """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
  214.          pass
  215.  
  216.      def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  217.          """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
  218.          pass
  219.  
  220.      def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  221.          """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
  222.          pass
  223.  
  224.      def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  225.          """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
  226.          pass
  227.  
  228.      def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  229.          """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
  230.          pass
  231.  
  232.      def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  233.          """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
  234.          pass
  235.  
  236.      def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  237.          """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
  238.          pass
  239.  
  240.      __hash__ = None
  241.  复制代码

set

  1.  L.set()
  2.  >>> txt1 = [,,,,]
  3.  >>> txt2 = [,,,]
  4.  >>> txt3 = list(set(txt1 + txt2))
  5.  >>>
  6.  >>> print txt3
  7.  [, , , , , , ]
  8.  >>>

九、collection系列:

1、计数器（counter）

Counter是对字典类型的补充，用于追踪值的出现次数。

具备字典的所有功能 + 自己的功能:

  1.  c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')
  2.  print c
  3.  输出：Counter({'a': , 'b': , 'c': , 'd': , 'e': })

2、有序字典(orderedDict )

orderdDict是对字典类型的补充，他记住了字典元素添加的顺序

3、默认字典(defaultdict) defaultdict是对字典的类型的补充，他默认给字典的值设置了一个类型。

需求：

  1. 有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...]，将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
  2. 即： {'k1': 大于66 , 'k2': 小于66}defaultdict字典解决方法
  1.  values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
  2.  
  3.  my_dict = {}
  4.  
  5.  for value in  values:
  6.      if value>66:
  7.          if my_dict.has_key('k1'):
  8.              my_dict['k1'].append(value)
  9.          else:
  10.              my_dict['k1'] = [value]
  11.      else:
  12.          if my_dict.has_key('k2'):
  13.              my_dict['k2'].append(value)
  14.          else:
  15.              my_dict['k2'] = [value]

原生字典解决方法

  1.  from collections import defaultdict
  2.  
  3.  values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
  4.  
  5.  my_dict = defaultdict(list)
  6.  
  7.  for value in  values:
  8.      if value>66:
  9.          my_dict['k1'].append(value)
  10.      else:
  11.          my_dict['k2'].append(value)

defaultdict字典解决方法

4、可命名元组(namedtuple)

根据nametuple可以创建一个包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型.

  1.  import collections
  2.  Mytuple = collections.namedtuple('Mytuple',['x','y','z'])
  3.  new = Mytuple(,,)
  4.  print new
  5.  Mytuple(x=, y=, z=)

5、双向队列(deque)

两边都可以存取，线程安全的)   在collection模块中

　　单向队列：先进先出（FIFO）
　　栈：弹夹（后进的先出） 再Queue模块中

  1.  >>> import Queue
  2.          >>> Q = Queue.Queue()           最多插入10个数
  3.          >>> Q.put()                          向队列中添加值
  4.          >>> Q.put()
  5.          >>> Q.put()
  6.          >>> Q.put()
  7.          Q.get(）

一、迭代器

对于Python 列表的 for 循环，他的内部原理：查看下一个元素是否存在，如果存在，则取出，如果不存在，则报异常 StopIteration。（python内部对异常已处理）

listiterator

二、生成器

range不是生成器 而 xrange 是生成器

readlines不是生成器 而 xreadlines 是生成器

  1.  >>> print range()
  2.  [, , , , , , , , , ]
  3.  >>> print xrange()
  4.  xrange()

生成器内部基于yield创建，即：对于生成器只有使用时才创建，从而不避免内存浪费

  1. 练习：有如下列表：
  2.     [, , , , ]
  3.  
  4. 请按照一下规则计算：
  5.  和  比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[, , , , ]
  6.  和  比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[, , , , ]
  7.  和  比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[, , , , ]
  8.  和  比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[, , , , ,]
  9.  
  10.  和  比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[, , , , ,]
  11. ...
  12.  
  13. 解析：
  1. li = [13, 22, 6, 99, 11]
  2.  
  3. for m in range(len(li)-1):
  4.  
  5.     for n in range(m+1, len(li)):
  6.         if li[m]> li[n]:
  7.             temp = li[n]
  8.             li[n] = li[m]
  9.             li[m] = temp
  10.  
  11. print li
  1.  

让a和b的值互换位置：

  1.  >>> a = 123
  2.  >>> b = 321
  3.  >>> a,b
  4.  (123, 321)
  5.  >>> temp = a
  6.  >>> temp
  7.  123
  8.  >>> a = b
  9.  >>> a
  10.  321
  11.  >>> b = temp
  12.  >>> a,b
  13.  (321, 123)
  14.  >>>

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