django---ORM之Q查询

filter 等方法中的关键字参数查询都是一起进行“AND” 的。 如果你需要执行更复杂的查询（例如OR 语句），你可以使用Q对象

调用Q

from django.db.models import Q

Q 对象可以使用c&(AND)和|(OR)操作符组合起来。

当一个操作符在两个Q 对象上使用时，它产生一个新的Q 对象。

Q(question__startswith='Who') | Q(question__startswith='What')

等同于SQL语句

WHERE question LIKE 'Who%' OR question LIKE 'What%'

如果一个查询函数有多个Q 对象参数（逗号隔开的），这些参数的逻辑关系为“AND"。示例：

Poll.objects.get(
    Q(question__startswith='Who'),
    Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 2)) | Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 6))
)

#等同于下列SQL语句：
SELECT * from polls WHERE question LIKE 'Who%'
    AND (pub_date = '2005-05-02' OR pub_date = '2005-05-06')

Q 对象可以使用~ 操作符取反，这允许组合正常的查询和取反(NOT) 查询：

Q(question__startswith='Who') | ~Q(pub_date__year=2005)

查询函数可以混合使用Q对象和关键字参数。所有提供给查询函数的参数（关键字参数或Q 对象）都将"AND”在一起。但是，如果出现Q 对象，它必须位于所有关键字参数的前面。例如

Poll.objects.get(
    Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 2)) | Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 6)),
    question__startswith='Who')

#下列是不合法的查询条件

Poll.objects.get(
    question__startswith='Who',
    Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 2)) | Q(pub_date=date(2005, 5, 6)))

Q对象实例化使用：

        # 获取搜索条件
        condition_dict = json.loads(request.GET.get('condition'))
        '''
        {'sn__contains': ['1', '2', '3', '1'], 'hostname__contains': ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']}
        '''

        from django.db.models import Q
        #产生第一个Q对象
        con = Q()
        for k,v in condition_dict.items():
            #产生第二个Q对象
            temp = Q()
            temp.connector = 'OR'  # Connection types  AND = 'AND' OR = 'OR'  default = AND

            for item in v:
                temp.children.append((k,item)) #children是Q父类Node的属性，默认是个列表

            con.add(temp,'AND') # add 是父类Node的方法，

        print(con)
        '''
        (AND: (OR: ('sn__contains', '1'), ('sn__contains', '1')), ('hostname__contains', 'c3'))
        '''
        models.Server.objects.filter(con)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Created by Mona on 2017/10/24

import copy

from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text

class Node(object):
    """
    A single internal node in the tree graph. A Node should be viewed as a
    connection (the root) with the children being either leaf nodes or other
    Node instances.
    """
    # Standard connector type. Clients usually won't use this at all and
    # subclasses will usually override the value.
    default = 'DEFAULT'

    def __init__(self, children=None, connector=None, negated=False):
        """
        Constructs a new Node. If no connector is given, the default will be
        used.
        """
        self.children = children[:] if children else []
        self.connector = connector or self.default
        self.negated = negated

    # We need this because of django.db.models.query_utils.Q. Q. __init__() is
    # problematic, but it is a natural Node subclass in all other respects.
    @classmethod
    def _new_instance(cls, children=None, connector=None, negated=False):
        """
        This is called to create a new instance of this class when we need new
        Nodes (or subclasses) in the internal code in this class. Normally, it
        just shadows __init__(). However, subclasses with an __init__ signature
        that is not an extension of Node.__init__ might need to implement this
        method to allow a Node to create a new instance of them (if they have
        any extra setting up to do).
        """
        obj = Node(children, connector, negated)
        obj.__class__ = cls
        return obj

    def __str__(self):
        template = '(NOT (%s: %s))' if self.negated else '(%s: %s)'
        return force_str(template % (self.connector, ', '.join(force_text(c) for c in self.children)))

    def __repr__(self):
        return str("<%s: %s>") % (self.__class__.__name__, self)

    def __deepcopy__(self, memodict):
        """
        Utility method used by copy.deepcopy().
        """
        obj = Node(connector=self.connector, negated=self.negated)
        obj.__class__ = self.__class__
        obj.children = copy.deepcopy(self.children, memodict)
        return obj

    def __len__(self):
        """
        The size of a node if the number of children it has.
        """
        return len(self.children)

    def __bool__(self):
        """
        For truth value testing.
        """
        return bool(self.children)

    def __nonzero__(self):      # Python 2 compatibility
        return type(self).__bool__(self)

    def __contains__(self, other):
        """
        Returns True is 'other' is a direct child of this instance.
        """
        return other in self.children

    def add(self, data, conn_type, squash=True):
        """
        Combines this tree and the data represented by data using the
        connector conn_type. The combine is done by squashing the node other
        away if possible.

        This tree (self) will never be pushed to a child node of the
        combined tree, nor will the connector or negated properties change.

        The function returns a node which can be used in place of data
        regardless if the node other got squashed or not.

        If `squash` is False the data is prepared and added as a child to
        this tree without further logic.
        """
        if data in self.children:
            return data
        if not squash:
            self.children.append(data)
            return data
        if self.connector == conn_type:
            # We can reuse self.children to append or squash the node other.
            if (isinstance(data, Node) and not data.negated and
                    (data.connector == conn_type or len(data) == 1)):
                # We can squash the other node's children directly into this
                # node. We are just doing (AB)(CD) == (ABCD) here, with the
                # addition that if the length of the other node is 1 the
                # connector doesn't matter. However, for the len(self) == 1
                # case we don't want to do the squashing, as it would alter
                # self.connector.
                self.children.extend(data.children)
                return self
            else:
                # We could use perhaps additional logic here to see if some
                # children could be used for pushdown here.
                self.children.append(data)
                return data
        else:
            obj = self._new_instance(self.children, self.connector,
                                     self.negated)
            self.connector = conn_type
            self.children = [obj, data]
            return data

    def negate(self):
        """
        Negate the sense of the root connector.
        """
        self.negated = not self.negated

class Q(Node):
    """
    Encapsulates filters as objects that can then be combined logically (using
    `&` and `|`).
    """
    # Connection types
    AND = 'AND'
    OR = 'OR'
    default = AND

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(Q, self).__init__(children=list(args) + list(kwargs.items()))

    def _combine(self, other, conn):
        if not isinstance(other, Q):
            raise TypeError(other)
        obj = type(self)()
        obj.connector = conn
        obj.add(self, conn)
        obj.add(other, conn)
        return obj

    def __or__(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.OR)

    def __and__(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.AND)

    def __invert__(self):
        obj = type(self)()
        obj.add(self, self.AND)
        obj.negate()
        return obj

    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
        # We must promote any new joins to left outer joins so that when Q is
        # used as an expression, rows aren't filtered due to joins.
        clause, joins = query._add_q(self, reuse, allow_joins=allow_joins, split_subq=False)
        query.promote_joins(joins)
        return clause

Q源码参考