2D游戏编程5—锁定频率

核心利用win心跳函数GetTickCount利用差量锁定fps，如下代码锁定30fps，缺点为如果计算机不能以30fps运行，程序将低于30fps

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN  // just say no to MFC
 
#include <windows.h>   // include all the windows headers
#include <windowsx.h>  // include useful macros
#include <mmsystem.h>  // very important and include WINMM.LIB too!
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
 
// DEFINES ////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
// defines for windows
#define WINDOW_CLASS_NAME "WINCLASS1"
 
#define WINDOW_WIDTH  400
#define WINDOW_HEIGHT 300
 
// MACROS /////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
#define KEYDOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
#define KEYUP(vk_code)   ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 0 : 1)
 
// GLOBALS ////////////////////////////////////////////////
HWND      main_window_handle = NULL; // globally track main window
 
HINSTANCE hinstance_app      = NULL; // globally track hinstance
char buffer[80];                     // general printing buffer
 
// FUNCTIONS //////////////////////////////////////////////
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd,
                            UINT msg,
                            WPARAM wparam,
                            LPARAM lparam)
{
// this is the main message handler of the system
PAINTSTRUCT        ps;        // used in WM_PAINT
HDC                hdc;    // handle to a device context
char buffer[80];        // used to print strings
 
// what is the message
switch(msg)
    {
    case WM_CREATE:
        {
        // do initialization stuff here
        // return success
        return(0);
        } break;
 
    case WM_PAINT:
        {
        // simply validate the window
           hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd,&ps);     
 
        // end painting
        EndPaint(hwnd,&ps);
 
        // return success
        return(0);
           } break;
 
    case WM_DESTROY:
        {
 
        // kill the application, this sends a WM_QUIT message
        PostQuitMessage(0);
 
        // return success
        return(0);
        } break;
 
    default:break;
 
    } // end switch
 
// process any messages that we didn't take care of
return (DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam));
 
} // end WinProc
 
// WINMAIN ////////////////////////////////////////////////
int WINAPI WinMain(    HINSTANCE hinstance,
                    HINSTANCE hprevinstance,
                    LPSTR lpcmdline,
                    int ncmdshow)
{
 
WNDCLASSEX winclass;  // this will hold the class we create
HWND       hwnd;      // generic window handle
MSG           msg;          // generic message
HDC        hdc;       // graphics device context
 
HPEN       pen=NULL;  // used to draw screen saver
int color_change_count = 100; // used to track when to change color
 
// first fill in the window class stucture
winclass.cbSize         = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
winclass.style            = CS_DBLCLKS | CS_OWNDC |
                          CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
winclass.lpfnWndProc    = WindowProc;
winclass.cbClsExtra        = 0;
winclass.cbWndExtra        = 0;
winclass.hInstance        = hinstance;
winclass.hIcon            = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
winclass.hCursor        = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
winclass.hbrBackground    = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
winclass.lpszMenuName    = NULL;
winclass.lpszClassName    = WINDOW_CLASS_NAME;
winclass.hIconSm        = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
 
// save hinstance in global
hinstance_app = hinstance;
 
// register the window class
if (!RegisterClassEx(&winclass))
    return(0);
 
// create the window
if (!(hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL,                // extended style
                            WINDOW_CLASS_NAME,   // class
                            "Time Inverval Locked Screen Saver", // title
                            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
                             0,0,          // initial x,y
                            WINDOW_WIDTH, // initial width
                            WINDOW_HEIGHT,// initial height
                            NULL,      // handle to parent
                            NULL,      // handle to menu
                            hinstance,// instance of this application
                            NULL)))      // extra creation parms
return(0);
 
// save main window handle
main_window_handle = hwnd;
 
// get the dc and hold onto it
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
 
// seed random number generator
srand(GetTickCount());
 
// endpoints of line
int x1 = rand()%WINDOW_WIDTH;
int y1 = rand()%WINDOW_HEIGHT;
int x2 = rand()%WINDOW_WIDTH;
int y2 = rand()%WINDOW_HEIGHT;
 
// intial velocity of each end
int x1v = -4 + rand()%8;
int y1v = -4 + rand()%8;
int x2v = -4 + rand()%8;
int y2v = -4 + rand()%8;
 
// enter main event loop, but this time we use PeekMessage()
// instead of GetMessage() to retrieve messages
while(TRUE)
    {
    // get time referrence
    DWORD start_time = GetTickCount();
 
    // test if there is a message in queue, if so get it
    if (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_REMOVE))
       {
       // test if this is a quit
       if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
           break;
 
       // translate any accelerator keys
       TranslateMessage(&msg);
 
       // send the message to the window proc
       DispatchMessage(&msg);
       } // end if
 
       // is it time to change color
       if (++color_change_count >= 100)
          {
          // reset counter
          color_change_count = 0;
 
          // create a random colored pen
          if (pen)
             DeleteObject(pen);
 
          // create a new pen
          pen = CreatePen(PS_SOLID,1,RGB(rand()%256,rand()%256,rand()%256));
 
          // select the pen into context
          SelectObject(hdc,pen);
 
          } // end if
 
       // move endpoints of line
       x1+=x1v;
       y1+=y1v;
 
       x2+=x2v;
       y2+=y2v;
 
       // test if either end hit window edge
       if (x1 < 0 || x1 >= WINDOW_WIDTH)
          {
          // invert velocity
          x1v=-x1v;
 
          // bum endpoint back
          x1+=x1v;
          } // end if
 
       if (y1 < 0 || y1 >= WINDOW_HEIGHT)
          {
          // invert velocity
          y1v=-y1v;
 
          // bum endpoint back
          y1+=y1v;
          } // end if
 
       // now test second endpoint
       if (x2 < 0 || x2 >= WINDOW_WIDTH)
          {
          // invert velocity
          x2v=-x2v;
 
          // bum endpoint back
          x2+=x2v;
          } // end if
 
       if (y2 < 0 || y2 >= WINDOW_HEIGHT)
          {
          // invert velocity
          y2v=-y2v;
 
          // bum endpoint back
          y2+=y2v;
          } // end if
 
       // move to end one of line
       MoveToEx(hdc, x1,y1, NULL);
 
       // draw the line to other end
       LineTo(hdc,x2,y2);
 
       // lock time to 30 fps which is approx. 33 milliseconds
       while((GetTickCount() - start_time) < 33);
 
       // main game processing goes here
       if (KEYDOWN(VK_ESCAPE))
          SendMessage(hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0,0);
 
    } // end while
 
// release the device context
ReleaseDC(hwnd,hdc);
 
// return to Windows like this
return(msg.wParam);
 
} // end WinMain
 
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////