est-framework框架的基本组件
rest-framework框架的基本组件
快速实例
序列化
创建一个序列化类
简单使用
开发我们的Web API的第一件事是为我们的Web API提供一种将代码片段实例序列化和反序列化为诸如json之类的表示形式的方式。我们可以通过声明与Django forms非常相似的序列化器（serializers）来实现。
models部分:
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Book(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=32)
price=models.IntegerField()
pub_date=models.DateField()
publish=models.ForeignKey("Publish")
authors=models.ManyToManyField("Author")
def __str__(self):
return self.title class Publish(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
email=models.EmailField()
def __str__(self):
return self.name class Author(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
age=models.IntegerField()
def __str__(self):
return self.name
views部分：
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.core import serializers from rest_framework import serializers class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer):
title=serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
price=serializers.IntegerField()
pub_date=serializers.DateField()
publish=serializers.CharField(source="publish.name")
#authors=serializers.CharField(source="authors.all")
authors=serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_authors(self,obj):
temp=[]
for author in obj.authors.all():
temp.append(author.name)
return temp class BookViewSet(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
# 序列化方式1:
# from django.forms.models import model_to_dict
# import json
# data=[]
# for obj in book_list:
# data.append(model_to_dict(obj))
# print(data)
# return HttpResponse("ok") # 序列化方式2:
# data=serializers.serialize("json",book_list)
# return HttpResponse(data) # 序列化方式3:
bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True)
return Response(bs.data)
ModelSerializer
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
depth=1
提交post请求
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
# print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
重写save中的create方法
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
# exclude = ['authors',]
# depth=1
def create(self, validated_data):
authors = validated_data.pop('authors')
obj = Book.objects.create(**validated_data)
obj.authors.add(*authors)
return obj
单条数据的get和put请求
class BookDetailViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj)
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
超链接API：Hyperlinked
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
publish= serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(
view_name='publish_detail',
lookup_field="publish_id",
lookup_url_kwarg="pk")
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
#depth=1
urls部分：
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view(),name="book_list"),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookDetailViewSet.as_view(),name="book_detail"),
url(r'^publishers/$', views.PublishViewSet.as_view(),name="publish_list"),
url(r'^publishers/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.PublishDetailViewSet.as_view(),name="publish_detail"),
]
视图三部曲
使用混合（mixins）
上一节的视图部分：
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.core import serializers from rest_framework import serializers class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
#depth=1 class PublshSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta:
model=Publish
fields="__all__"
depth=1 class BookViewSet(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
print(request.data)
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors) class BookDetailViewSet(APIView): def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data) def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors) class PublishViewSet(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
publish_list=Publish.objects.all()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_list,many=True,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): bs=PublshSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
# print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors) class PublishDetailViewSet(APIView): def get(self,request,pk): publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data) def put(self,request,pk):
publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
mixin类编写视图
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics class BookViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin,
mixins.CreateModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView): queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs) class BookDetailViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs) def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs) def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
使用通用的基于类的视图
通过使用mixin类，我们使用更少的代码重写了这些视图，但我们还可以再进一步。REST框架提供了一组已经混合好（mixed-in）的通用视图，我们可以使用它来简化我们的views.py模块。
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView): queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers class BookDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView): queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers class PublishDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers
viewsets.ModelViewSet
urls.py:
url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"}),name="book_list"),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'retrieve',
'put': 'update',
'patch': 'partial_update',
'delete': 'destroy'
}),name="book_detail"),
views.py:
class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
认证与权限组件
认证组件
局部视图认证
在app01.service.auth.py:
class Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self,request):
token=request._request.GET.get("token")
token_obj=UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
if not token_obj:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("验证失败!")
return (token_obj.user,token_obj)
在views.py：
def get_random_str(user):
import hashlib,time
ctime=str(time.time()) md5=hashlib.md5(bytes(user,encoding="utf8"))
md5.update(bytes(ctime,encoding="utf8")) return md5.hexdigest() from app01.service.auth import * from django.http import JsonResponse
class LoginViewSet(APIView):
authentication_classes = [Authentication,]
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
res={"code":1000,"msg":None}
try:
user=request._request.POST.get("user")
pwd=request._request.POST.get("pwd")
user_obj=UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
print(user,pwd,user_obj)
if not user_obj:
res["code"]=1001
res["msg"]="用户名或者密码错误"
else:
token=get_random_str(user)
UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user_obj,defaults={"token":token})
res["token"]=token except Exception as e:
res["code"]=1002
res["msg"]=e return JsonResponse(res,json_dumps_params={"ensure_ascii":False})
全局视图认证组件
settings.py配置如下：
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",]
}
权限组件
局部视图权限
在app01.service.permissions.py中：
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
class SVIPPermission(BasePermission):
message="SVIP才能访问!"
def has_permission(self, request, view):
if request.user.user_type==3:
return True
return False
在views.py：
from app01.service.permissions import * class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
permission_classes = [SVIPPermission,]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
全局视图权限
settings.py配置如下：
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",]
}
throttle(访问频率)组件
局部视图throttle
在app01.service.throttles.py中：
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
VISIT_RECORD={}
class VisitThrottle(BaseThrottle):
def __init__(self):
self.history=None
def allow_request(self,request,view):
remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
print(remote_addr)
import time
ctime=time.time()
if remote_addr not in VISIT_RECORD:
VISIT_RECORD[remote_addr]=[ctime,]
return True
history=VISIT_RECORD.get(remote_addr)
self.history=history
while history and history[-1]<ctime-60:
history.pop()
if len(history)<3:
history.insert(0,ctime)
return True
else:
return False
def wait(self):
import time
ctime=time.time()
return 60-(ctime-self.history[-1])
在views.py中：
from app01.service.throttles import * class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle,]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
全局视图throttle
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",]
}
内置throttle类
在app01.service.throttles.py修改为：
class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope="visit_rate"
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return self.get_ident(request)
settings.py设置：
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
"visit_rate":"5/m",
}
}
解析器
request类
django的request类和rest-framework的request类的源码解析
局部视图
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser
class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
parser_classes = [FormParser,JSONParser]
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print("request.data",request.data)
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
全局视图
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
"visit_rate":"5/m",
},
"DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES":['rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',]
}
分页
简单分页
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination class PNPagination(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 1
page_query_param = 'page'
page_size_query_param = "size"
max_page_size = 5 class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs): book_list=Book.objects.all()
pp=LimitOffsetPagination()
pager_books=pp.paginate_queryset(queryset=book_list,request=request,view=self)
print(pager_books)
bs=BookSerializers(pager_books,many=True) #return Response(bs.data)
return pp.get_paginated_response(bs.data)
偏移分页
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
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