每天学五分钟 Liunx 0010 | 软件篇: RPM 和 YUM
1. RPM
2. RPM 命令
[root@test packages]# rpm -q[a|i|l|c|R|f]
# a: 列出所有已经安装的软件
# i: 列出软件的详细信息
# l: 列出软件所有的文件与目录所在的完整文件名
# c: 列出软件的设置文件
# R:列出软件有关的依赖软件所包含的文件
# f: 列出该文件属于哪个软件 [root@test packages]# rpm -qa | grep xterm
[root@test packages]# rpm -ivh xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:xterm-295-3.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@test packages]# rpm -V[a|f]
# V: 后接软件名称,如果有文件改动则列出
# a: 列出系统所有可能被改动过的文件
# f: 后接文件,列出该文件是否被改动过
[root@test packages]# rpm -ql xterm
...
/usr/share/doc/xterm-295/THANKS
... [root@test packages]# echo "thanks for you, xterm" >> /usr/share/doc/xterm-295/THANKS
[root@test packages]# rpm -V xterm
S.5....T d /usr/share/doc/xterm-295/THANKS
[root@test packages]# cd /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/
[root@test rpm-gpg]# ls
RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-legacy-former RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-legacy-release RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-legacy-rhx RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@test rpm-gpg]# ll RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3375 Sep 27 2016 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
[root@test rpm-gpg]# cat RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.2.6 (GNU/Linux) mQINBEmkAzABEAC2/c7bP1lHQ3XScxbIk0LQWe1YOiibQBRLwf8Si5PktgtuPibT
kKpZjw8p4D+fM7jD1WUzUE0X7tXg2l/eUlMM4dw6XJAQ1AmEOtlwSg7rrMtTvM0A
BEtI7Km6fC6sU6RtBMdcqD1cH/6dbsfh8muznVA7UlX+PRBHVzdWzj6y8h84dBjo
gzcbYu9Hezqgj/lLzicqsSZPz9UdXiRTRAIhp8V30BD8uRaaa0KDDnD6IzJv3D9P
xQWbFM4Z12GN9LyeZqmD7bpKzZmXG/3drvfXVisXaXp3M07t3NlBa3Dt8NFIKZ0D
FRXBz5bvzxRVmdH6DtkDWXDPOt+Wdm1rZrCOrySFpBZQRpHw12eo1M1lirANIov7
**********************************************************************
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
[root@test rpm-gpg]#
[root@test rpm-gpg]# rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta # 导入公钥到 RPM
[root@test packages]# rpm -e
# e: erase [root@test packages]# rpm -qa | grep xterm
xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64
[root@test packages]# rpm -e xterm
[root@test packages]# rpm -qa | grep xterm
[root@test packages]#
3. YUM
4. YUM 工作原理
5. YUM 命令
Individual packages
|
list
|
List package names from repositories
yum list available
List all available packages
yum list installed
List all installed packages
yum list all
List installed and available packages
yum list kernel
List installed and available packages
|
info
|
Dispaly information about a package
yum info vsftpd
List info about vsftpd package
|
|
deplist
|
Display dependencies for a package
yum deplist nfs-utils
List dependencies and packages providing them
|
|
provides
|
Find packages that provide the queried file
yum provides "*bin/top"
Show package that contains top command
yum provides "*/README.top"
Show package containing README.top file
|
|
search
|
Search package names and descriptions for a term
yum search samba
Find packages with samba in name or description
|
|
updateinfo
|
Get information about available package updates
yum updateinfo security
Get into on available security updates
|
|
Grups of packages
|
grouplist
|
List names of installed and available package groups
|
groupinfo
|
Display description and contents of a package group
yum groupinfo "Web Server"
See packages in Web Server group
|
|
check-update
|
Query repositories for available package updates
|
|
groupinstall
|
install all packages in the selected group
yum groupinstall "Web Server"
Install Web Server packages
|
|
YUM repositories
|
repolist
|
Display enabled software repositories
|
repoinfo
|
Display information about enabled yum repositories
yum repoinfo rhel-7-server-RPMs
see info on rhel-7-server-rpms repo
|
|
makecache
|
Download yum repository data to cache
|
|
Install/Remove/Update packages with YUM
|
install
|
Install a package from a repo to system
yum install vsftpd
install the vsftpd package
|
update
|
update one or all packages on system
yum update
update all packages with available updates
yum update httpd
update the httpd package(if available)
|
|
update-to
|
update package to a particular version
|
|
upgrade
|
update packages taking obsoletes into account
|
|
localinstall
|
install a package from a local file,http,or ftp
yum localinstall abc.i386.rpm
install abc package from local directory
yum localinstall http://myrepo/abc.i386.rpm
install abc from FTP site
|
|
downgrade
|
Downgrade a package to an earlier version
yum downgrade abc
Downgrade the abc package to an earlier version
|
|
reinstall
|
reinstall the current version of a package
yum reinstall util-liunx
reinstall util-liunx
|
|
swap
|
remove one package and install another
yum swap ftp lftp
remove ftp package and install lftp
|
|
erase
|
Erase a package
yum remove vsftpd
remove the vsftpd package and dependencies
|
|
remove
|
same with erase
|
|
Troubleshooting
|
check
|
Check the local RPM database for problems
|
history
|
View and use yum transactions
yum history list
List all yum install,update and erase actions
yum history info 3
show details of yum transaction 3
|
|
clean
|
clear out cached package data
yum clean packages
Delete packages saved in cache
yum clean all
Clean out all packages and meta data from cache
|
|
YUM related command(install yum-utils)
|
reposync
|
Synchronize yum repositories to a local directory
reposync -r rhel-atomic-host-beta-rpms
Get packages from repo
|
options for YUM commands
|
-y
|
Assume yes if prompted
|
-v
|
produce extra debugging output
|
|
--downloadonly
|
Download to /var/cache/yum/arch/prod/repo/packages/,but dot't install
yum install --downlaodonly vsftpd
Download vsftpd package to cache
|
6. YUM 实践
[root@test ~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name status
osp7_server Red Hat Enterprise Linux Open Stack 7 Packages enabled: 954
osp_optools_server Red Hat Enterprise Linux Open Stack Tools Packages disabled
osp_tools_server Red Hat Enterprise Linux Open Stack Tools Packages disabled
rhel-common Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Extra Packages enabled: 228
rhel-extras Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Extra Packages enabled: 465
rhel-optional Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Extra Packages disabled
rhel-server Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Packages enabled: 14,275
repolist: 15,922 [root@test ~]# yum list installed | grep xterm
[root@test ~]# yum list available | grep xterm
xterm.x86_64 295-3.el7 rhel-server [root@test ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Cleaning repos: osp7_server rhel-common rhel-extras rhel-server
Cleaning up everything [root@test ~]# yum install xterm
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Bad id for repo: <repo_file_name>, byte = < 0
osp7_server | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
rhel-common | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
rhel-extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
rhel-server | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
(1/4): rhel-common/primary_db | 102 kB 00:00:01
(2/4): rhel-extras/primary_db | 184 kB 00:00:01
(3/4): osp7_server/primary_db | 427 kB 00:00:02
(4/4): rhel-server/primary_db | 27 MB 00:00:37
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libXt.so.6()(64bit) for package: xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libXmu.so.6()(64bit) for package: xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libXaw.so.7()(64bit) for package: xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libXaw.x86_64 0:1.0.12-5.el7 will be installed
---> Package libXmu.x86_64 0:1.1.2-2.el7 will be installed
---> Package libXt.x86_64 0:1.1.4-6.1.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==============================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
xterm x86_64 295-3.el7 rhel-server 455 k
Installing for dependencies:
libXaw x86_64 1.0.12-5.el7 rhel-server 190 k
libXmu x86_64 1.1.2-2.el7 rhel-server 71 k
libXt x86_64 1.1.4-6.1.el7 rhel-server 173 k Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+3 Dependent packages) Total download size: 889 k
Installed size: 2.3 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
(1/4): libXaw-1.0.12-5.el7.x86_64.rpm | 190 kB 00:00:01
(2/4): libXt-1.1.4-6.1.el7.x86_64.rpm | 173 kB 00:00:00
(3/4): libXmu-1.1.2-2.el7.x86_64.rpm | 71 kB 00:00:01
(4/4): xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64.rpm | 455 kB 00:00:00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 329 kB/s | 889 kB 00:00:02
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : libXt-1.1.4-6.1.el7.x86_64 1/4
Installing : libXmu-1.1.2-2.el7.x86_64 2/4
Installing : libXaw-1.0.12-5.el7.x86_64 3/4
Installing : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 4/4
Verifying : libXaw-1.0.12-5.el7.x86_64 1/4
Verifying : libXmu-1.1.2-2.el7.x86_64 2/4
Verifying : libXt-1.1.4-6.1.el7.x86_64 3/4
Verifying : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 4/4 Installed:
xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 Dependency Installed:
libXaw.x86_64 0:1.0.12-5.el7 libXmu.x86_64 0:1.1.2-2.el7 libXt.x86_64 0:1.1.4-6.1.el7 Complete!
[root@test ~]# yum remove xterm
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Bad id for repo: <repo_file_name>, byte = < 0
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==============================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================================================================================================
Removing:
xterm x86_64 295-3.el7 @rhel-server 1.2 M Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package Installed size: 1.2 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Erasing : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 1/1 Removed:
xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 Complete! [root@test ~]# yum install -y xterm
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==============================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
xterm x86_64 295-3.el7 rhel-server 455 k Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package Total download size: 455 k
Installed size: 1.2 M
Downloading packages:
xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64.rpm | 455 kB 00:00:01
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : xterm-295-3.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed:
xterm.x86_64 0:295-3.el7 Complete!
7. YUM 配置
[root@test yum.repos.d]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1563 Mar 30 2019 lianhuasheng.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 358 Mar 30 2019 redhat.repo
## RHEL ###
[rhel-server]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Packages
# mirrorlist = http://apt.sw.be/redhat/el5/en/mirrors-rpmforge
baseurl=http://10.57.0.1:80/rhel-7/rhel-x86_64-server-7
http://10.57.217.11:80/rhel-7/rhel-x86_64-server-7
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
failovermethod=priority [rhel-extras]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 X86_64 Server Extra Packages
# mirrorlist = http://apt.sw.be/redhat/$releasever/en/mirrors-rpmforge
baseurl=http://10.57.0.1:80/rhel-7/rhel-x86_64-server-extras-7/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY
exclude=cfengine nx-libs nxproxy nxagent libNX* libXcomp* perl-App-Daemon
...
[root@test yum.repos.d]$ cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=1
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
pkgpolicy=newest
proxy=http://10.0.0.1:8080/
8. 配置国内 YUM 源
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
# [base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5 #released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5 #additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5 #packages used/produced in the build but not released
[addons]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Addons - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/addons/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=addons
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5 #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5 #contrib - packages by Centos Users
[contrib]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
baseurl=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=contrib
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5
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