Python 文件夹及文件操作
import os
import os.path
from shutil import copy def copyfile(src, dst):
count = 1
for filename in os.listdir(src):
file = os.path.join(src,filename)
copy(file, dst)
count += 1
#if count == 40000:
# break
return src = "/home/data/fac"
dst = "/home/data/ob/"
copyfile(src=src, dst=dst)
我们经常会与文件和目录打交道,对于这些操作,python可以使用 os 及 shutill 模块,其中包含了很多操作文件和目录的函数。
os 可以执行简单的文件夹及文件操作,引入用 import os,可用 help(os) 或是 dir(os) 查看其用法。注意有些函数在os模块中,有的是在os.path模块中。
shutil 模块提供了大量的文件的高级操作,特别针对文件拷贝和删除。主要功能为目录和文件操作以及压缩操作。须引入 import shutil ,具体 help。本文仅介绍移动、复制及删除。
可先在 D:\ 下创建文件夹 Python_os , 再在其下创建文件夹 os, 再在其下创建 test.txt;之后的示例会在该文件夹下操作
判断路径或文件
os.path.isabs(...) # 判断是否绝对路径
os.path.exists(...) # 判断是否真实存在
os.path.isdir(...) # 判断是否是个目录
os.path.isfile(...) # 判断是否是个文件
注意: 把两个路径合成一个时,不要直接拼字符串,而要通过 os.path.join(part1,part2)
函数,这样可以正确处理不同操作系统的路径分隔符。在Linux/Unix/Mac下,os.path.join()
返回这样的字符串: part1/part2
而Windows下会返回这样的字符串: part1\part2
1 import os
2 import shutil
3
4 file_dir = "D:\\Python_os\\os" # 注意 \\ ;windows 下是这么表示的;Linux 和 Mac 是 /
5 file_name = "test.txt"
6 file_abs = os.path.join(file_dir, file_name) # os.path.join(...) 表示路径链接
7
8
9 '''判断路径或文件'''
10 print (1,os.path.isabs(file_dir)) # 判断是否绝对路径
11 print (2,os.path.isabs(file_name))
12 print (3,os.path.isabs(file_abs))
13 print (4,os.path.exists(file_abs)) # 判断是否真实存在
14 print (5,os.path.exists(os.path.join(file_dir,"xxx")))
15 print (6,os.path.isdir(file_dir)) # 判断是否是个目录
16 print (7,os.path.isdir(file_abs))
17 print (8,os.path.isfile(file_dir)) # 判断是否是个文件
18 print (9,os.path.isfile(file_abs))
运行结果: 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" 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路径名、文件名分隔
os.path.split(...) # 分隔目录和文件名/文件夹名
os.path.splitdrive(...) # 分隔盘符(windows系统)
os.path.splitext(...) # 分隔文件和扩展名
运行结果: aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />
这些合并、拆分路径的函数并不要求目录和文件要真实存在,它们只对字符串进行操作。
工作目录及创建文件夹操作
os.getcwd() # 获取当前工作目录
os.chdir(...) # 改变工作目录
os.listdir(...) # 列出目录下的文件
os.mkdir(...) # 创建单个目录 注意:创建多级用 os.makedirs()
os.makedirs(...) # 创建多级目录
1 import os
2
3 file_dir = "D:\\Python_os\\os"
4
5 print (os.getcwd()) # 获取当前工作目录
6 os.chdir(file_dir) # 改变工作目录
7 print (os.getcwd())
8 print (os.listdir(file_dir)) # 列出当前工作目录的所有文件 Python2 不支持 os.listdir() Python3 会列出当前工作目录下的所有文件
9 os.mkdir("test_mkdir") # 在当前工作目录下创建文件夹 test_mkdir;注意不可存在相同文件夹,不然会报错
10 os.makedirs("test_mkdir\\test1")
11 os.chdir(".\\test_mkdir") # . 表示本级目录; .. 表示上级目录
12 print (os.getcwd())
13 for i in range(2,6): # 使用for循环等,可方便的创建多个文件夹
14 dir_name = "test" + str(i)
15 os.mkdir(dir_name)
在执行了上述实例代码后,os 文件夹中新建了空的 test_mkdir 文件夹,而 test_dir 文件夹下也新建出了 test1 至 test5 的空文件夹
创建文件夹可能会出错,原因具体有:(1) path 已存在时(不管是文件还是文件夹) (2) 驱动器不存在 (3) 磁盘已满 (4) 磁盘是只读的或没有写权限
文件的创建及操作参见下一章节
删除文件夹/文件
os.rmdir(...) # 删除空文件夹 注意:必须为空文件夹 如需删除文件夹及其下所有文件,需用 shutil
os.remove(...) # 删除单一文件
shutil.rmtree(...) # 删除文件夹及其下所有文件
在上方示例的文件夹基础上,操作删除 test1 文件夹 (空文件夹可用 os.rmdir() ),删除 test_mkdir 及其下所有文件();示例代码如下
1 import os
2 import shutil
3
4 file_dir = "D:\\Python_os\\os"
5
6 ''' 删除文件/文件夹 '''
7 os.chdir(file_dir+"\\test_mkdir")
8 print(os.getcwd()) # 确保当前工作目录
9 print(os.listdir(os.getcwd())) # 查看当前文件夹下所有文件
10 os.rmdir("test1") # 删除 test1 文件夹(空文件夹)
11 print(os.listdir(os.getcwd()))
12 os.chdir("..\\")
13 print(os.getcwd()) # 切换到上级目录
14 print(os.listdir(os.getcwd()))
15 shutil.rmtree("test_mkdir") # 删除 test_mkdir 及其下所有文件
可见运行结果如下;产生异常的可能原因: (1) 路径不存在 (2) 路径子目录中有文件或下级子目录(os.rmdir) (3) 没有操作权限或只读
只是删除单一文件,则用 os.remove("test.txt") 即可;产生异常的可能原因: (1) 文件不存在 (2) 对该文件没有操作权限或只读。
重命名文件夹/文件
可对某一文件或文件夹重命名 os.rename(oldfileName, newFilename)
在os文件夹中新建文件夹 test,文件 test.txt
1 ''' 重命名文件夹/文件 '''
2 os.chdir(file_dir)
3 print(os.listdir(os.getcwd()))
4 os.rename("test","test1")
5 os.rename("test.txt","test1.txt") # 重命名,注意需要带扩展名
6 print(os.listdir(os.getcwd()))
可见运行结果如下;产生异常的可能原因: (1) oldfilename 旧文件名不存在(文件须带扩展名) (2)newFilename 新文件已经存在
注意:新文件的扩展名不能遗漏,理论上需要保持类型一致;但这也不失为改文件类型的一种方式(相当于直接改文件的扩展名)
复制、移动文件夹/文件
须使用 shutil 模块,引入 import shutil
shutil.copyfile("old","new") # 复制文件,都只能是文件
shutil.copytree("old","new") # 复制文件夹,都只能是目录,且new必须不存在
shutil.copy("old","new") # 复制文件/文件夹,复制 old 为 new(new是文件,若不存在,即新建),复制 old 为至 new 文件夹(文件夹已存在)
shutil.move("old","new") # 移动文件/文件夹至 new 文件夹中
我们现在 D:\ 下创建新文件夹 Python_shutil ,然后工作目录切到该目录,直接使用 Python 来操作吧,参考代码如下:
1 import os
2 import shutil
3
4 os.chdir("D:\\")
5 os.mkdir("Python_shutil")
6 file_dir = "D:\\Python_shutil"
7 os.chdir(file_dir)
为演示复制、移动操作,我们在该文件夹下手动操作 新建文件夹 test_org、 test_copy 及 test_move; 新建文件 test.txt test1.txt , 两者内容不同
Python 复制、移动的操作示例代码如下:
1 import os
2 import shutil
3
4 file_dir = "D:\\Python_shutil"
5 os.chdir(file_dir)
6 shutil.copyfile("test_org.txt","test_copy.txt") # copy test_org.txt 为 test_copy.txt 若存在,则覆盖
7 shutil.copyfile("test_org.txt","test1.txt") # 存在,覆盖
8 shutil.copytree("test_org","test_copytree") # copy test_org 为 test_copytree(不存在的新目录)
9 shutil.copy("test_org.txt","test_copy1.txt") # 同 copyfile
10 shutil.copy("test_org.txt","test_copy") # 将文件 copy 至 目标文件夹中(须存在)
11 shutil.copy("test_org.txt","test_xxx") # 将文件 copy 至 目标文件(该文件可不存在,注意类型!)
12 print os.listdir(os.getcwd())
13 shutil.move("test_org.txt","test_move") # 将文件 move 至 目标文件夹中
14 shutil.move("test_org","test_move") # 将文件夹 move 至 目标文件夹中
15 print os.listdir(os.getcwd())
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