The first thing you’ll want to do with WebDriver is navigate to a link. The normal way to do this is by calling get method:

driver.get("http://www.google.com")

WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded (that is, the onload event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded then you can use waits.

1.1. Interacting with the page

Just being able to go to places isn’t terribly useful. What we’d really like to do is to interact with the pages, or, more specifically, the HTML elements within a page. First of all, we need to find one. WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements. For example, given an element defined as:

<input type="text" name="passwd" id="passwd-id" />

you could find it using any of:

element = driver.find_element_by_id("passwd-id")
element = driver.find_element_by_name("passwd")
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']")

You can also look for a link by its text, but be careful! The text must be an exact match! You should also be careful when using XPATH in WebDriver. If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.

WebDriver has an “Object-based” API; we represent all types of elements using the same interface. This means that although you may see a lot of possible methods you could invoke when you hit your IDE’s auto-complete key combination, not all of them will make sense or be valid. Don’t worry! WebDriver will attempt to do the Right Thing, and if you call a method that makes no sense (“setSelected()” on a “meta” tag, for example) an exception will be raised.

So, you’ve got an element. What can you do with it? First of all, you may want to enter some text into a text field:

element.send_keys("some text")

You can simulate pressing the arrow keys by using the “Keys” class:

element.send_keys(" and some", Keys.ARROW_DOWN)

It is possible to call send_keys on any element, which makes it possible to test keyboard shortcuts such as those used on GMail. A side-effect of this is that typing something into a text field won’t automatically clear it. Instead, what you type will be appended to what’s already there. You can easily clear the contents of a text field or textarea with clear method:

element.clear()

1.2. Filling in forms

We’ve already seen how to enter text into a textarea or text field, but what about the other elements? You can “toggle” the state of drop down, and you can use “setSelected” to set something like an OPTION tag selected. Dealing with SELECT tags isn’t too bad:

element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='name']")
all_options = element.find_elements_by_tag_name("option")
for option in all_options:
print("Value is: %s" % option.get_attribute("value"))
option.click()

This will find the first “SELECT” element on the page, and cycle through each of it’s OPTIONs in turn, printing out their values, and selecting each in turn.

As you can see, this isn’t the most efficient way of dealing with SELECT elements . WebDriver’s support classes include one called “Select”, which provides useful methods for interacting with these:

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
select = Select(driver.find_element_by_name('name'))
select.select_by_index(index)
select.select_by_visible_text("text")
select.select_by_value(value)

WebDriver also provides features for deselecting all the selected options:

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_id('id'))
select.deselect_all()

This will deselect all OPTIONs from the first SELECT on the page.

Suppose in a test, we need the list of all default selected options, Select class provides a property method that returns a list:

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath("xpath"))
all_selected_options = select.all_selected_options

To get all available options:

options = select.options

Once you’ve finished filling out the form, you probably want to submit it. One way to do this would be to find the “submit” button and click it:

# Assume the button has the ID "submit" :)
driver.find_element_by_id("submit").click()

Alternatively, WebDriver has the convenience method “submit” on every element. If you call this on an element within a form, WebDriver will walk up the DOM until it finds the enclosing form and then calls submit on that. If the element isn’t in a form, then the NoSuchElementException will be raised:

element.submit()

1.3. Drag and drop

You can use drag and drop, either moving an element by a certain amount, or on to another element:

element = driver.find_element_by_name("source")
target = driver.find_element_by_name("target") from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
action_chains = ActionChains(driver)
action_chains.drag_and_drop(element, target).perform()

1.4. Moving between windows and frames

It’s rare for a modern web application not to have any frames or to be constrained to a single window. WebDriver supports moving between named windows using the “switch_to_window” method:

driver.switch_to_window("windowName")

All calls to driver will now be interpreted as being directed to the particular window. But how do you know the window’s name? Take a look at the javascript or link that opened it:

<a href="somewhere.html" target="windowName">Click here to open a new window</a>

Alternatively, you can pass a “window handle” to the “switch_to_window()” method. Knowing this, it’s possible to iterate over every open window like so:

for handle in driver.window_handles:
driver.switch_to_window(handle)

You can also swing from frame to frame (or into iframes):

driver.switch_to_frame("frameName")

It’s possible to access subframes by separating the path with a dot, and you can specify the frame by its index too. That is:

driver.switch_to_frame("frameName.0.child")

would go to the frame named “child” of the first subframe of the frame called “frameName”.  All frames are evaluated as if from *top*.

Once we are done with working on frames, we will have to come back to the parent frame which can be done using:

driver.switch_to_default_content()

1.5. Popup dialogs

Selenium WebDriver has built-in support for handling popup dialog boxes. After you’ve triggerd action that would open a popup, you can access the alert with the following:

alert = driver.switch_to_alert()

This will return the currently open alert object. With this object you can now accept, dismiss, read its contents or even type into a prompt. This interface works equally well on alerts, confirms, prompts. Refer to the API documentation for more information.

1.6. Navigation: history and location

Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command (driver.get("http://www.example.com")) As you’ve seen, WebDriver has a number of smaller, task-focused interfaces, and navigation is a useful task. To navigate to a page, you can use get method:

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

To move backwards and forwards in your browser’s history:

driver.forward()
driver.back()

Please be aware that this functionality depends entirely on the underlying driver. It’s just possible that something unexpected may happen when you call these methods if you’re used to the behaviour of one browser over another.

1.7. Cookies

Before we leave these next steps, you may be interested in understanding how to use cookies. First of all, you need to be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for:

# Go to the correct domain
driver.get("http://www.example.com") # Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain
cookie = {‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’}
driver.add_cookie(cookie) # And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
driver.get_cookies()

selenium-Navigating的更多相关文章

  1. <译>Selenium Python Bindings 3 - Navigating

    当你想要通过webdriver导航到一个链接,正常的方式点是通过调用get方法: driver.get("http://www.google.com") Interacting w ...

  2. Python爬虫小白入门(四)PhatomJS+Selenium第一篇

    一.前言 在上一篇博文中,我们的爬虫面临着一个问题,在爬取Unsplash网站的时候,由于网站是下拉刷新,并没有分页.所以不能够通过页码获取页面的url来分别发送网络请求.我也尝试了其他方式,比如下拉 ...

  3. 转:SELENIUM TIPS: CSS SELECTORS

    This page will show you some CSS rules and pseudo-classes that will help you move your XPATH locator ...

  4. Python开发爬虫之动态网页抓取篇:爬取博客评论数据——通过Selenium模拟浏览器抓取

    区别于上篇动态网页抓取,这里介绍另一种方法,即使用浏览器渲染引擎.直接用浏览器在显示网页时解析 HTML.应用 CSS 样式并执行 JavaScript 的语句. 这个方法在爬虫过程中会打开一个浏览器 ...

  5. Selenium Navigation

    Navigating Navigate a link with WebDriver: driver.get("http://www.google.com") 1.Interacti ...

  6. 使用selenium监听每一步操作

    1.创建类LogEventListener.java, 如下: package com.demo; import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.s ...

  7. selenium从入门到应用 - 6,EventFiringWebDriver和监听器

    本系列所有代码 https://github.com/zhangting85/simpleWebtest 本文将介绍一个Java+TestNG+Maven+Selenium的web自动化测试脚本环境下 ...

  8. (六)爬虫之使用selenium

    selenium是使用javascript编写,主要用来进行web应用程序测试,在python爬虫中可以用来进行动态网页爬取,解决爬虫中的javascript渲染(执行js语句).总结记录下,以备后面 ...

  9. centos 无界面安装selenium+chrome+chromedirver的设置

    配了一中午的,好不容易正好记录下. 1.我的centos的位数 输入rpm -q centos-release 结果:centos-release-7-4.1708.el7.centos.x86_64 ...

  10. selenium python bindings 写测试用例

    这章总结selenium在UI测试方面的用法 import unittest from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common ...

随机推荐

  1. python中浅拷贝和深度拷贝的区别

    在很多面试题中都会问到浅拷贝跟深度拷贝的区别,前几天一个朋友也问到了我浅拷贝跟深度拷贝到底有什么区别,这里就简单举栗子讲一下两者的区别. 浅拷贝(copy()):拷贝父对象,不会拷贝对象的内部的子对象 ...

  2. J2EE技术架构

    一.简介 J2EE(Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition)是一个为大企业主机级的计算类型而设计的Java平台.Sun微系统(与其工业伙伴一起,例如IBM)设计了J2E ...

  3. [BZOJ3000]Big Number(斯特林公式)

    求n!在k进制下的位数,n<=1e18 斯特林公式:$n!\approx \sqrt{2\pi n}(\frac{n}{e})^n$ 在n很大的时候有较好的精度保证. $\log_{k}n!+1 ...

  4. js中propertyIsEnumerable()方法使用介绍

    javascript的propertyIsEnumerable()方法使用介绍 概述 propertyIsEnumerable()用来检测属性是否属于某个对象的,如果检测到了,返回true,否则fal ...

  5. Linux makefile 教程

    转自:http://blog.csdn.net/liang13664759/article/details/1771246 最近在学习Linux下的C编程,买了一本叫<Linux环境下的C编程指 ...

  6. java 从网络Url中下载文件

    转自:http://blog.csdn.net/xb12369/article/details/40543649 /** * 从网络Url中下载文件 * @param urlStr * @param ...

  7. Unity3d-Socket之龙一编年史network.dll分析(2)-> CNetLogger

    今天呢,我们来学习下network.dll里面的CNetLogger类. 顾名思义,这个类主要是debug用的,也许有些人会问了,干嘛要自己封装个debug,直接用unity自带的debug不就好了吗 ...

  8. jquer回显选中select下拉框

    公司使用的框架比较旧,没有使用el等表达式. <% String context = request.getContextPath(); String index = (String)reque ...

  9. OpenShift应用镜像构建(1) S2I tomcat 镜像定制

    参考并感谢https://www.jianshu.com/p/fd3e62263046 在对接项目制作应用镜像的过程中,经常发现避免不了的是需要写Dockerfile,(当然另外一种方式是直接run一 ...

  10. 万里长征第二步——django个人博客(第四步 ——创建数据库)

    在models.py内设置数据库模型 # -*- coding=utf-8 -*- from __future__ import unicode_literals from django.db imp ...