Python基础学习(第8天)
先补充些iter函数的用法:iter()其实就是一个迭代器,参数可传个list、dict等等,然后可通过调用next函数获取下一个元素,默认并未指向对象的第一个元素,可理解为指向了第一个元素的前面的位置。
第8课:异常处理
1、异常处理可以提高程序的容错性
re = iter(range(4))
for i in range(100):
print re.next()
print 'hello'
循环到第6次,由于re.next()没有元素返回了,会有StopIteration的异常。整个程序将会中断。写程序时,如果知道可能犯错的地方或犯错的类型,可以针对异常类型定义好'应急方案'
re = iter(range(5))
try:
for i in range(100):
print re.next()
print 'hello'
except StopIteration:
print 'here is end',i
将try中容易出错的部分,后面跟上except,来说明如果try中发生StopIteration时,程序该做的事情,如果没有发生异常,except部分将被跳过。
2、异常处理的完成语法结构:
try: except exception1: except exception2:
except:
......
else: finally:
如果try中有异常发生,将执行except。异常层层比较,看是否是exception1, exception2...,直到找到其归属,执行相应的except中的语句。如果except后面没有任何参数,那么表示所有的exception都交给这段程序处理。比如:
try:
print(a*2)
except TypeError:
print("TypeError")
except:
print("Not Type Error & Error noted")
由于a没有定义,所以是NameError。异常最终被except:部分的程序捕捉。???
3、如果无法将异常交给合适的对象,异常将继续向上层抛出,直到被捕捉或者造成主程序报错。比如下面的程序
def test_func():
try:
m = 1/0
except NameError:
print("Catch NameError in the sub-function") try:
test_func()
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Catch error in the main program")
子程序的try...except...结构无法处理相应的除以0的错误,所以错误被抛给上层的主程序。
如果try中没有异常,那么except部分将跳过,执行else中的语句。
finally是无论是否有异常,最后都要做的一些事情。
流程如下,
try->异常->except->finally
try->无异常->else->finally
4、抛出异常raise:其实就是自己写个异常
我们也可以自己写一个抛出异常的例子:
StopIteration是一个类。抛出异常时,会自动有一个中间环节,就是生成StopIteration的一个对象。Python实际上抛出的,是这个对象。当然,也可以自行生成对象:
raise StopIteration()
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其中上图中想要打印出异常信息‘参数为空’ 直接print e即可。
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