backbone.Router History源码笔记

Backbone.History和Backbone.Router

history和router都是控制路由的,做一个单页应用,要控制前进后退,就可以用到他们了。

History类用于监听URL的变化，和触发Action方法,他可以添加对url的监听,

Router类用于定义和解析路由规则，并将URL映射到Action。

router和history一些个人的注解

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
    <title>backbone</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        *{padding:0;margin:0;}
        .wrap{width:960px; margin: 100px auto; padding: 20px 0;}
        ul{ list-style: none;}
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="wrap">
        <div id="a1"></div>
        <div id="a2"></div>
        <div id="a3"></div>
    </div>
<script src="http://files.cnblogs.com/wtcsy/jquery.js"></script>
<script src="http://files.cnblogs.com/wtcsy/underscore.js"></script>
<script src="http://files.cnblogs.com/wtcsy/events.js"></script>
<script>
(function(){
  // Backbone.History
  // ----------------
 
    // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
    var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
 
    // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
    var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
 
    // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
    var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
 
    // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
    // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
    // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
    // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
    // falls back to polling.
    var History = Backbone.History = function() {
        this.handlers = [];
        _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
 
        // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
        if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
            this.location = window.location;
            this.history = window.history;
        }
    };
 
    // Has the history handling already been started?
    History.started = false;    
 
    _.extend(History.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
 
        // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
        // twenty times a second.
        interval: 50,
 
        // Are we at the app root?
        atRoot: function() {
            var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
            return path === this.root && !this.location.search;
        },
 
        // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
        // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
        getHash: function(window) {
            var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
            return match ? match[1] : '';
        },
 
        // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
        getPath: function() {
            var path = decodeURI(this.location.pathname + this.location.search);
            var root = this.root.slice(0, -1);
            if (!path.indexOf(root)) path = path.slice(root.length);
            return path.slice(1);
        },
 
        // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
        getFragment: function(fragment) {
            if (fragment == null) {
                if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
                    fragment = this.getPath();
                } else {
                    fragment = this.getHash();
                }
            }
            //var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
            return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
        },
        // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
        // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
        start: function(options) {
            if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
            History.started = true;
 
            // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
            // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
            this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
            this.root             = this.options.root;
            this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
            this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window;
            this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
            this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState);
            this.fragment         = this.getFragment();
 
            // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
            var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
                return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
            };
 
            // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
            // var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
            this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
 
            // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
            // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
            // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
            if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && (!this._wantsPushState || !this._hasPushState)) {
                var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
                iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
                iframe.style.display = 'none';
                iframe.tabIndex = -1;
                var body = document.body;
                // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
                this.iframe = body.insertBefore(iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
                this.navigate(this.fragment);
            }
 
            // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
            // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
            if (this._hasPushState) {
                addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
            } else if (this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange && !this.iframe) {
                addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
                this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
            }
        },
 
        // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
        // may override previous routes.
        route: function(route, callback) {
            this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
        },        
 
        // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
        // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
        checkUrl: function(e) {
            var current = this.getFragment();
            if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
                current = this.getHash(this.iframe);
            }
            if (current === this.fragment) return false;
            if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
            this.loadUrl();
        },
        // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
        // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
        // returns `false`.
        loadUrl: function(fragment) {
            fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
            return _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
                if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
                    handler.callback(fragment);
                    return true;
                }
            });
        },
        // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
        // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
        // the fragment in advance.
        //
        // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
        // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
        // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
            if (!History.started) return false;
            if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
 
            var url = this.root + (fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || ''));
 
            // Strip the hash for matching.
            // var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
            fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');
 
            if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
            this.fragment = fragment;
 
            // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
            if (fragment === '' && url !== '/') url = url.slice(0, -1);
 
            // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
            if (this._hasPushState) {
                this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
 
            // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
            // fragment to store history.
            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
                this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
                if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe))) {
                    // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
                    // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
                    // want this.
                    if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
                    this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
                }
 
            // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
            // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
            } else {
                return this.location.assign(url);
            }
            if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
        },
        // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
        // a new one to the browser history.
        _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
            if (replace) {
                var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
                location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
            } else {
                // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
                location.hash = '#' + fragment;
            }
        }
    });
 
    Backbone.history = new History;
//Backbone.history.start()
//Backbone.history.navigate
 
    // Backbone.Router
    // ---------------
 
    // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
    // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
    var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
        options || (options = {});
        if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
        this._bindRoutes();
        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    };
 
    // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
    // parts of route strings.
    var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
    var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
    var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
    var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
 
    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
    _.extend(Router.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
        // initialization logic.
        initialize: function(){},
        // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
        //
        //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
        //       ...
        //     });
        //
        route: function(route, name, callback) {
            if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
            if (_.isFunction(name)) {
                callback = name;
                name = '';
            }
            if (!callback) callback = this[name];
            var router = this;
            Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
                var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
                if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
                    router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
                    router.trigger('route', name, args);
                    Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
                }
            });
            return this;
        },
        // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
        // against the current location hash.
        _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
            route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')  //把正则里面需要转移的字符进行转移
                .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')       //把捕获变成非捕获 并且变成惰性匹配
                .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
                    return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
                })                                      //如果是：\w+格式转化成([^/?]+)  如果是非捕获格式(?: 则不进行转换
                .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');       //把这种*\w+格式替换成  ([^?]*?)
            return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
        },
 
        // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
            Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
            return this;
        },
        // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
        // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
        execute: function(callback, args, name) {
            if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
        },
        // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
        // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
        // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
        _bindRoutes: function() {
            if (!this.routes) return;
            this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
            var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
            while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
                this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
            }
        },
 
        // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
        // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
        // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
        _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
            var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
            return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
                // Don't decode the search params.
                if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
                return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
            });
        }
 
    });
 
    Backbone.Router.extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
        var parent = this;
        var child;
 
        // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
        // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
        // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
        if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
            child = protoProps.constructor;
        } else {
            child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
        }
 
        // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
        //将静态方法和 parent上的静态方法一起扩展到child上面去
        _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
 
        // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
        // `parent`'s constructor function.
        //创建一个新的构造含糊Surrogate ;
        //this.constructor = child的意思是  Surrogate实例化后的对象  让对象的构造函数指向child
        // Surrogate的原型就是parent的原型
        // 然后实例化给child的原型,
        // 这里不是直接从new parent给child.prototype 而是创建一个新的构造函数，我也不知道为啥要这样
        var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
        Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
        child.prototype = new Surrogate;
 
        // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
        // if supplied.
        // 把第一个参数上的属性扩展到child.prototype
        if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
 
        // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
        // later.
        // 拿一个属性引用父的原型, 以免以后要用到.
        child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
 
        return child;
    }
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>

history怎么实现一个页面里面让浏览器前进后退了?用到了以下的方法

onhashchange pushstate

onhashchange 给window绑定onhashchange事件,当描点变化的时候,触发事件,然后就可以改变页面了

但onhashchange是从ie8开始能够支持,如果要做le6,7的兼容则必须用其他的办法,backbone的实现是创建一个隐藏的iframe,同时改变浏览器的url上的锚点和iframe的锚点,用一个定时器不停的监听浏览器url的变化

pushstate，html5里面新方法,给window绑定onpopstate方法,查看history.state的值,如果自己通过history.pushState改变了history.state的值,就当做该url之前已经存在,如果history.state是undefined，表示是新地址,要用history.pushState加到history里面去。

下面3个小demo分别是实现用onhashchange，pushstate和隐藏iframe实现浏览器前进和后退

onhashchange方式

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <title>Lottery Demo</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        *{padding:0;margin:0;}
 
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="wrap"></div>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
 
        var urlHash = {
            "one"   : "我是第一页",
            "two"   : "我是第二页",
            "three" : "我是第三页"
        }
        function c(){
            var hash = location.hash.replace("#","");
            if(hash in urlHash){
                $("#wrap").html(urlHash[hash]);
            }else{
                $("#wrap").html("该锚点没有对应的页面");
            }
        }
        function n(fragment){
            location.hash = fragment;
        }
        window.attachEvent
            ? window.attachEvent('onhashchange', c)
            : window.addEventListener("hashchange",c,false);
        n("one");
        //用n函数跳转描点
    </script>
</body>
</html>

pushstate

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <title>Lottery Demo</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        *{padding:0;margin:0;}
 
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="wrap"></div>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
 
        var urlHash = {
            "one"   : "我是第一页",
            "two"   : "我是第二页",
            "three" : "我是第三页"
        }
        function n(fragment){
            //history.pushState({lk:fragment,text:fragment}, "", fragment);
            var text =urlHash[fragment] || "没有对应的页面";
            history.pushState({lk:fragment,text:text}, "", fragment);
            $("#wrap").html(history.state.text);
        }
        window.addEventListener("popstate",function(){
            if(history.state){
                $("#wrap").html(history.state.text);
            }
        },false);
        n("one");
        //用n函数跳转描点
    </script>
</body>
</html>

用iframe的方式

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <title>Lottery Demo</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        *{padding:0;margin:0;}
 
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="wrap"></div>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
 
        var urlHash = {
            "one"   : "我是第一页",
            "two"   : "我是第二页",
            "three" : "我是第三页"
        }
 
        var iframe = document.createElement('iframe')
        iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
        iframe.style.display = 'none';
        iframe.tabIndex = -1;
        var iframeWindow = document.body.insertBefore(iframe, document.body.firstChild).contentWindow;
        var currFragment = null;
 
        function n(fragment){
            if(currFragment == fragment || fragment=="")return;
            currFragment = fragment;
            window.location.hash = '#' + fragment;
            window.iframeWindow.document.open().close();
            window.iframeWindow.location.hash = '#' + fragment;
            var text =urlHash[fragment] || "没有对应的页面";
            $("#wrap").html(text);
        }
 
        setInterval(function(){
            var fragment = window.location.hash.replace("#","")
            n(fragment)
        }, 50);
        //用n函数跳转描点
    </script>
</body>
</html>

Backbone.History

Backbone.History是一个类,Backbone.history才是Backbone.History实例化后的对象,即Backbone.history = new Backbone.History;

Backbone.History有以下比较重要的方法

start

要启动Backbone的路由功能,首先必须调用Backbone.history.start(),start方法做了以下一些事情

首页设置 History.started=true 表示该路由功能已经启动

然后看当前浏览器是否支持onhashChange,参数入的参数是希望通过hash的方式还是希望通过pushstate的方式改变url

根据传入的root来设置url路径将怎么改变,默认以当前的路径

如果浏览器不支持onhashchange(不支持hashchange肯定也不会支持pushstate的,因为onhashchange出现的时候,还没有出现pushstate),创建一个iframe

如果是pushstate方式绑定window的popstate事件去监听url改变

如果是hashchange方式绑定window的hashchange事件去监听url改变

如果不支持onhashchange,则设置一个定时器为监听url的改变

var r = Backbone.history;
r.navigate("one",true);//这里锚点是不会改变的 因为没有调用start方法
r.start();
r.navigate("one",true);//锚点可以改变了

getFragment

获取当前的锚点或者是地址(地址，暂且这么说吧,因为pushstate方式就是后面那串地址不同)

route (reg,callback)

添加对路由的监听事件,第一个参数是个正则,第2个参数是回调函数。以{route: route, callback: callback}的形式存在this.handlers中,当路由改变的时候,会遍历this.handlers,如果符合其中的route正则,则会执行相关回调

var r = Backbone.history;
r.route(/^a/,function(){alert("a")}); //监听描点如果是以a开头,则弹出a
r.route(/^[^a]/,function(){alert("not a")}) //监听描点如果不是以a开头,则弹出not a
r.start()
r.navigate("aasd/asdf/ss",true)
r.navigate("bxx/asdf/ss",true)

navigate (fragment, [options])

第一个参数个地址,需要进入的地址,第2个参数可以是对象,也可以是布尔值,true,表示路由要改变,如果有对应的回调事件也要执行,false表示不需要执行对应的回调事件，第2个参数当是对象的时候,trigger值得意义和布尔值的时候一样,replace值表示修改路由,但是不触发相应的回调事件,replace是不会记录在history里面,返回的时候不会有替换之前的那个地址.在然后改变url地址,设置了pushstate的用pushstate方式,支持onhashchang的直接用location.href来改变描点，不支持onhashchange的,除了改变location.href还要改变iframe的location.href。最后在触发相关监听路由的回调事件

在调用navigate方法的时候就会调用一次回调事件了,监听的时候也会调用一次回调事件的,所以在监听的时候会判断是不是同一个路由,同一个就不执行回调了,监听执行额回调事件也是在浏览器的前进和后退的时候在会执行,只用调用navigate,监听是不会执行回调的,是navigate方法里面主动调用的

一些例子

要启用路由功能一定要先调用start

var r = Backbone.history;
r.start();
r.navigate("aaa",true)
//r.navigate("aaa",{trigger:true})  这种方式和上面那种方式是一样的

第二个参数如果设置成false,路由会改变,但是监听函数是不会触发的

var r = Backbone.history;
r.start();
r.route(/^a/,function(){alert("a")})
r.route(/^b/,function(){alert("b")})
r.navigate("aaaa",true)  //可以触发监听回调
r.navigate("aaaa",false) //触发不了监听回调

如果第二个参数是一个对象,且设置了replace为true，改变路由后,之前的路由是不会记录在history里面的,而且监听路由的回调也不会执行

var r = Backbone.history;
r.start();
r.route(/a^/,function(){alert(1)})
r.navigate("as",{trigger:true,replace:true}) //监听路由的回调是不会执行的,且history中不会记录之前的路由

所以第二个参数false和replace的却别就在于histroy中是否记录之前的路由,他们的相同点是都不会触发监听回调

Backbone.Router

Backbone.Router基本上对Backbone.history一些方法的封装了.

route router.route(route, name, [callback])

route方法就是添加路由，路由对应的回调,他有3个参数,第一个参数就是路由了,第2个参数是方法名,如果传递了,当匹配域名的时候就会从Router这个对象里面去掉用该方法名,第3个参数也是回调,不设置第2个参数的时候就会调用第3个参数的回调

route的执行过程如下,首先判断route参数是不是正则表达式,如果不是则转成正则表达式,转换过程下

首先,把字符串route里面需要转义的字符全部转义,转义规则如下

                var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
                route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&');

需要转义的字符有\,-,{,},[,],+,.,\,?

然后把捕获变成非捕获，并且变成惰性匹配，因为这个正则后面要用到的是test方法,根本就不需要捕获,捕获会耗去更多的内存.

            var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
            route = route.replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')

然后在把：\w+格式转化成([^/?]+),路由上面的传参数的格式/:xxx,这个主要是把参数转换成([^/?]+),这个这则的意思就是不能是/和?的任意字符,因为参数的规则就是route/:arguments,如果带了/可能就路径错了,如果有?那就可能是url的参数

            var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
            route = route.replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
                return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
            })

在然后把点*以及*后面的字符串转化成([^?]*?),惰性匹配非?字符串这个替换是干嘛用的还没看懂

            var splatParam = /\*\w+/g;
            route = route.replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');

最后给route字符串加上开头的符号和结尾的符号'^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$'，意思是说开头必须也route开头,后面可以跟参数,然后实例化这个字符串为正则对象并且返回

处理完正则之后,通过Backbone.history.route方法来监听该路由正则,如果在前进后退的时候路由匹配该正则就是执行回调

navigate (fragment, [options])

这个直接调用的Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);

var r = new Backbone.Router;
r.route("aa/:a/:a",function(){
    alert(Array.prototype.join.apply(arguments))
})
Backbone.history.start()
r.navigate("aa/bb/cc",true)
//传入bb cc 两个参数,可以打印出来

routes _bindRoutes

如果设置了routes,可以用_bindRoutes一次性绑定对routes里面的路由监听,_bindRoutes里面就是遍历routes,调用this,route进行绑定

Backbone.Router = Backbone.Router.extend({
    alertA : function(){alert("a")}
})
var r = new Backbone.Router({
    routes : {
        "aa" : "alertA",
        "bb" : function(){alert("b")},
    }
})
Backbone.history.start()
//先扩展alertA方法   然后通过routes批量绑定,如果value对应的是字符串,则会在实例化的r上找该方法,如果是函数就执行该函数
r.navigate("aa",true);
r.navigate("bb",true)

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