java中的CAS

转自：http://www.blogjava.net/mstar/archive/2013/04/24/398351.html

Atomic 从JDK5开始, java.util.concurrent包里提供了很多面向并发编程的类. 使用这些类在多核CPU的机器上会有比较好的性能.
主要原因是这些类里面大多使用(失败-重试方式的)乐观锁而不是synchronized方式的悲观锁.

1. incrementAndGet的实现

public final int incrementAndGet() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

首先可以看到他是通过一个无限循环(spin)直到increment成功为止.  
循环的内容是
1.取得当前值
2.计算+1后的值
3.如果当前值还有效(没有被)的话设置那个+1后的值
4.如果设置没成功(当前值已经无效了即被别的线程改过了), 再从1开始.

2. compareAndSet的实现

 public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update);
    }

直接调用的是UnSafe这个类的compareAndSwapInt方法
全称是sun.misc.Unsafe. 这个类是Oracle(Sun)提供的实现. 可以在别的公司的JDK里就不是这个类了

3. compareAndSwapInt的实现

 /**
     * Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
     * holding <tt>expected</tt>.
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
     */
    public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset,
                                                  int expected,
                                                  int x);

可以看到, 不是用Java实现的, 而是通过JNI调用操作系统的原生程序.

4. compareAndSwapInt的native实现
如果你下载了OpenJDK的源代码的话在hotspot\src\share\vm\prims\目录下可以找到unsafe.cpp

UNSAFE_ENTRY(jboolean, Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jobject obj, jlong offset, jint e, jint x))
  UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt");
  oop p = JNIHandles::resolve(obj);
  jint* addr = (jint *) index_oop_from_field_offset_long(p, offset);
  return (jint)(Atomic::cmpxchg(x, addr, e)) == e;
UNSAFE_END

可以看到实际上调用Atomic类的cmpxchg方法.

5. Atomic的cmpxchg
这个类的实现是跟操作系统有关, 跟CPU架构也有关, 如果是windows下x86的架构
实现在hotspot\src\os_cpu\windows_x86\vm\目录的atomic_windows_x86.inline.hpp文件里

inline jint     Atomic::cmpxchg    (jint     exchange_value, volatile jint*     dest, jint     compare_value) {
  // alternative for InterlockedCompareExchange
  int mp = os::is_MP();
  __asm {
    mov edx, dest
    mov ecx, exchange_value
    mov eax, compare_value
    LOCK_IF_MP(mp)
    cmpxchg dword ptr [edx], ecx
  }
}

在这里可以看到是用嵌入的汇编实现的, 关键CPU指令是 cmpxchg
到这里没法再往下找代码了. 也就是说CAS的原子性实际上是CPU实现的. 其实在这一点上还是有排他锁的. 只是比起用synchronized, 这里的排他时间要短的多. 所以在多线程情况下性能会比较好.

代码里有个alternative for InterlockedCompareExchange
这个InterlockedCompareExchange是WINAPI里的一个函数, 做的事情和上面这段汇编是一样的
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms683560%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

AtomicInteger的源码说明

/**
   内部使用一个int字段用来表示一个value值，借助compareAndSwap实现原子更新
**/
public class AtomicInteger extends Number implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 6214790243416807050L;

    // setup to use Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt for updates
    private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
    private static final long valueOffset;

    static {
      try {
         //这个值标示了value在对象中的位置，compareAndSet的时候会使用到这个值
        valueOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
            (AtomicInteger.class.getDeclaredField("value"));
      } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Error(ex); }
    }

    private volatile int value;

    /**
     * Creates a new AtomicInteger with the given initial value.
     *
     * @param initialValue the initial value
     */
    public AtomicInteger(int initialValue) {
        value = initialValue;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new AtomicInteger with initial value {@code 0}.
     */
    public AtomicInteger() {
    }

    /**
     * Gets the current value.
     *
     * @return the current value
     */
    public final int get() {
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Sets to the given value.
     *
     * @param newValue the new value
     */
    public final void set(int newValue) {
        value = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Eventually sets to the given value.
     *
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public final void lazySet(int newValue) {
         //这里直接给内存位置赋值，不需要设置内存屏蔽，在某些情况下效率高
        unsafe.putOrderedInt(this, valueOffset, newValue);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets to the given value and returns the old value.
     *
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public final int getAndSet(int newValue) {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            if (compareAndSet(current, newValue))
                return current;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value to the given updated value
     * if the current value {@code ==} the expected value.
     *
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return true if successful. False return indicates that
     * the actual value was not equal to the expected value.
     */
    public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value to the given updated value
     * if the current value {@code ==} the expected value.
     *
     * <p>May <a href="package-summary.html#Spurious">fail spuriously</a>
     * and does not provide ordering guarantees, so is only rarely an
     * appropriate alternative to {@code compareAndSet}.
     *
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return true if successful.
     */
    public final boolean weakCompareAndSet(int expect, int update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update);
    }

    /**
     * Atomically increments by one the current value.
     *
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public final int getAndIncrement() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return current;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically decrements by one the current value.
     *
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public final int getAndDecrement() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current - 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return current;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value.
     *
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public final int getAndAdd(int delta) {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + delta;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return current;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically increments by one the current value.
     *
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public final int incrementAndGet() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically decrements by one the current value.
     *
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public final int decrementAndGet() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current - 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value.
     *
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public final int addAndGet(int delta) {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + delta;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the String representation of the current value.
     * @return the String representation of the current value.
     */
    public String toString() {
        return Integer.toString(get());
    }

    public int intValue() {
        return get();
    }

    public long longValue() {
        return (long)get();
    }

    public float floatValue() {
        return (float)get();
    }

    public double doubleValue() {
        return (double)get();
    }

关于lazySet的说明： http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1468007/atomicinteger-lazyset-vs-set