Security problems is more and more important on the internet today. You can see the problems .

This chapter is really exciting, you can learn serveral ways of attacking the web application and the method to

protecting the websites. Somehow, you can be a hacker after studying.

1. Attack on the Admin page.

The last project, we can easy control to the admin user by accessing the admin page by URLs.

Thats the problem, if a hack can have the access to the admin user, it must be very bad.

Its also very simple to solve this problem. Using HTTP authentication to password  protect the Admin page.

When a page is secured using HTTP authentication. a window pops up requesting the user name and password

before access is allowed to the protected page. we can limit access to the Admin page to a few peple as you

want.

you need to insert authorize.php script before you can visit the admin page.

/***　　　　　　authorize.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   // User name and password for authentication
  3.   $username = 'rock';
  4.   $password = 'roll';
  5.  
  6.   if (!isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER']) || !isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW']) ||
  7.     ($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER'] != $username) || ($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW'] != $password)) {
  8.     // The user name/password are incorrect so send the authentication headers
  9.     header('HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized');
  10.     header('WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Guitar Wars"');
  11.     exit('<h2>Guitar Wars</h2>Sorry, you must enter a valid user name and password to access this page.');
  12.   }
  13. ?>

2. The URL attacks

If the hacker has remembered the URLS of the removescore.php , he doesnt need to visit this page through

the admin Page, he can visit it directly by the URLs. so to avoid this happening, you just need to add the

authorize.php script to every page you want to protect. Just a little change can be done.

  1. <?php
  2.   require_once('authorize.php');
  3. ?>

add the codes at the front of each page you want to protect .

3. Attack on the high socres clones

this requires the humans to get all the datas available. we need to change the database and add some authorize

to the adminstrator. so he can decides if the data is valuable or not.

4. SQL injection.

This is really cool tech in hacks. You can even attack some websites that didnt have a protection. Lets see how

to do the SQL injection. I think this is really interesting. So I trace the code by PHP debug, you can see more clearly :

1) at first, the index page looks just right :

2) you can click the link to add your score :

3) we use the PHP debug to see what is going on here : what was posted to the server just as follows :

4) the query just looks like this :

5) then quering this query , and bad things just happened :

check the database , you will see the record was insert into the database susccess.

6) lets go back to the index.php, you will see the bad results : this is what SQL injection doing :

It is also quite easy to avoid the SQL Injection using PHP, you can use the trim() function

to gets rid of leading and trailing spaces in the form data.

just ran all form data through the trim() function before using it in an SQL query.

And you also need another built-in function, mysqli_real_escape_string()

this function converts dangerous characters into an escaped format that wont adversely affect SQL queries.

the project files as follows :

/***　　　　　　index.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  2.   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  3. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  4. <head>
  5.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  6.   <title>Guitar Wars - High Scores</title>
  7.   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
  8. </head>
  9. <body>
  10.   <h2>Guitar Wars - High Scores</h2>
  11.   <p>Welcome, Guitar Warrior, do you have what it takes to crack the high score list? If so, just <a href="addscore.php">add your own score</a>.</p>
  12.   <hr />
  13.  
  14. <?php
  15.   require_once('appvars.php');
  16.   require_once('connectvars.php');
  17.  
  18.   // Connect to the database
  19.   $dbc = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME); 
  20.  
  21.   // Retrieve the score data from MySQL
  22.   $query = "SELECT * FROM guitarwars WHERE approved=1 ORDER BY score DESC, DATE ASC";
  23.   $data = mysqli_query($dbc, $query);
  24.  
  25.   // Loop through the array of score data, formatting it as HTML
  26.   echo '<table>';
  27.   $i = 0;
  28.   while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($data)) {
  29.     // Display the score data
  30.     if ($i == 0) {
  31.       echo '<tr><td colspan="2" class="topscoreheader">Top Score: ' . $row['score'] . '</td></tr>';
  32.     }
  33.     echo '<tr><td class="scoreinfo">';
  34.     echo '<span class="score">' . $row['score'] . '</span><br />';
  35.     echo '<strong>Name:</strong> ' . $row['name'] . '<br />';
  36.     echo '<strong>Date:</strong> ' . $row['date'] . '</td>';
  37.     if (is_file(GW_UPLOADPATH . $row['screenshot']) && filesize(GW_UPLOADPATH . $row['screenshot']) > 0) {
  38.       echo '<td><img src="' . GW_UPLOADPATH . $row['screenshot'] . '" alt="Score image" /></td></tr>';
  39.     }
  40.     else {
  41.       echo '<td><img src="' . GW_UPLOADPATH . 'unverified.gif' . '" alt="Unverified score" /></td></tr>';
  42.     }
  43.     $i++;
  44.   }
  45.   echo '</table>';
  46.  
  47.   mysqli_close($dbc);
  48. ?>
  49.  
  50. </body>
  51. </html>

/***　　　　　　addscore.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  2.   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  3. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  4. <head>
  5.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  6.   <title>Guitar Wars - Add Your High Score</title>
  7.   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
  8. </head>
  9. <body>
  10.   <h2>Guitar Wars - Add Your High Score</h2>
  11.  
  12. <?php
  13.   require_once('appvars.php');
  14.   require_once('connectvars.php');
  15.  
  16.   if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
  17.     // Connect to the database
  18.     $dbc = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME);
  19.  
  20.     // Grab the score data from the POST
  21.     $name = mysqli_real_escape_string($dbc, trim($_POST['name']));
  22.     $score = mysqli_real_escape_string($dbc, trim($_POST['score']));
  23.     $screenshot = mysqli_real_escape_string($dbc, trim($_FILES['screenshot']['name']));
  24.     $screenshot_type = $_FILES['screenshot']['type'];
  25.     $screenshot_size = $_FILES['screenshot']['size']; 
  26.  
  27.     if (!empty($name) && is_numeric($score) && !empty($screenshot)) {
  28.       if ((($screenshot_type == 'image/gif') || ($screenshot_type == 'image/jpeg') || ($screenshot_type == 'image/pjpeg') || ($screenshot_type == 'image/png'))
  29.         && ($screenshot_size > 0) && ($screenshot_size <= GW_MAXFILESIZE)) {
  30.         if ($_FILES['screenshot']['error'] == 0) {
  31.           // Move the file to the target upload folder
  32.           $target = GW_UPLOADPATH . $screenshot;
  33.           if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['screenshot']['tmp_name'], $target)) {
  34.             // Write the data to the database
  35.             $query = "INSERT INTO guitarwars (date, name, score, screenshot) VALUES (NOW(), '$name', '$score', '$screenshot')";
  36.             mysqli_query($dbc, $query);
  37.  
  38.             // Confirm success with the user
  39.             echo '<p>Thanks for adding your new high score! It will be reviewed and added to the high score list as soon as possible.</p>';
  40.             echo '<p><strong>Name:</strong> ' . $name . '<br />';
  41.             echo '<strong>Score:</strong> ' . $score . '<br />';
  42.             echo '<img src="' . GW_UPLOADPATH . $screenshot . '" alt="Score image" /></p>';
  43.             echo '<p><a href="index.php">&lt;&lt; Back to high scores</a></p>';
  44.  
  45.             // Clear the score data to clear the form
  46.             $name = "";
  47.             $score = "";
  48.             $screenshot = "";
  49.  
  50.             mysqli_close($dbc);
  51.           }
  52.           else {
  53.             echo '<p class="error">Sorry, there was a problem uploading your screen shot image.</p>';
  54.           }
  55.         }
  56.       }
  57.       else {
  58.         echo '<p class="error">The screen shot must be a GIF, JPEG, or PNG image file no greater than ' . (GW_MAXFILESIZE / 1024) . ' KB in size.</p>';
  59.       }
  60.  
  61.       // Try to delete the temporary screen shot image file
  62.       @unlink($_FILES['screenshot']['tmp_name']);
  63.     }
  64.     else {
  65.       echo '<p class="error">Please enter all of the information to add your high score.</p>';
  66.     }
  67.   }
  68. ?>
  69.  
  70.   <hr />
  71.   <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>">
  72.     <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="<?php echo GW_MAXFILESIZE; ?>" />
  73.     <label for="name">Name:</label>
  74.     <input type="text" id="name" name="name" value="<?php if (!empty($name)) echo $name; ?>" /><br />
  75.     <label for="score">Score:</label>
  76.     <input type="text" id="score" name="score" value="<?php if (!empty($score)) echo $score; ?>" /><br />
  77.     <label for="screenshot">Screen shot:</label>
  78.     <input type="file" id="screenshot" name="screenshot" />
  79.     <hr />
  80.     <input type="submit" value="Add" name="submit" />
  81.   </form>
  82. </body>
  83. </html>

/***　　　　　　authorize.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   // User name and password for authentication
  3.   $username = 'rock';
  4.   $password = 'roll';
  5.  
  6.   if (!isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER']) || !isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW']) ||
  7.     ($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER'] != $username) || ($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW'] != $password)) {
  8.     // The user name/password are incorrect so send the authentication headers
  9.     header('HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized');
  10.     header('WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Guitar Wars"');
  11.     exit('<h2>Guitar Wars</h2>Sorry, you must enter a valid user name and password to access this page.');
  12.   }
  13. ?>

/***　　　　　　approvescore.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   require_once('authorize.php');
  3. ?>
  4.  
  5. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  6.   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  7. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  8. <head>
  9.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  10.   <title>Guitar Wars - Approve a High Score</title>
  11.   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
  12. </head>
  13. <body>
  14.   <h2>Guitar Wars - Approve a High Score</h2>
  15.  
  16. <?php
  17.   require_once('appvars.php');
  18.   require_once('connectvars.php');
  19.  
  20.   if (isset($_GET['id']) && isset($_GET['date']) && isset($_GET['name']) && isset($_GET['score'])) {
  21.     // Grab the score data from the GET
  22.     $id = $_GET['id'];
  23.     $date = $_GET['date'];
  24.     $name = $_GET['name'];
  25.     $score = $_GET['score'];
  26.     $screenshot = $_GET['screenshot'];
  27.   }
  28.   else if (isset($_POST['id']) && isset($_POST['name']) && isset($_POST['score'])) {
  29.     // Grab the score data from the POST
  30.     $id = $_POST['id'];
  31.     $name = $_POST['name'];
  32.     $score = $_POST['score'];
  33.   }
  34.   else {
  35.     echo '<p class="error">Sorry, no high score was specified for approval.</p>';
  36.   }
  37.  
  38.   if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
  39.     if ($_POST['confirm'] == 'Yes') {
  40.       // Connect to the database
  41.       $dbc = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME); 
  42.  
  43.       // Approve the score by setting the approved column in the database
  44.       $query = "UPDATE guitarwars SET approved = 1 WHERE id = $id";
  45.       mysqli_query($dbc, $query);
  46.       mysqli_close($dbc);
  47.  
  48.       // Confirm success with the user
  49.       echo '<p>The high score of ' . $score . ' for ' . $name . ' was successfully approved.';
  50.     }
  51.     else {
  52.       echo '<p class="error">Sorry, there was a problem approving the high score.</p>';
  53.     }
  54.   }
  55.   else if (isset($id) && isset($name) && isset($date) && isset($score)) {
  56.     echo '<p>Are you sure you want to approve the following high score?</p>';
  57.     echo '<p><strong>Name: </strong>' . $name . '<br /><strong>Date: </strong>' . $date .
  58.       '<br /><strong>Score: </strong>' . $score . '</p>';
  59.     echo '<form method="post" action="approvescore.php">';
  60.     echo '<img src="' . GW_UPLOADPATH . $screenshot . '" width="160" alt="Score image" /><br />';
  61.     echo '<input type="radio" name="confirm" value="Yes" /> Yes ';
  62.     echo '<input type="radio" name="confirm" value="No" checked="checked" /> No <br />';
  63.     echo '<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="submit" />';
  64.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="id" value="' . $id . '" />';
  65.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="name" value="' . $name . '" />';
  66.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="score" value="' . $score . '" />';
  67.     echo '</form>';
  68.   }
  69.  
  70.   echo '<p><a href="admin.php">&lt;&lt; Back to admin page</a></p>';
  71. ?>
  72.  
  73. </body>
  74. </html>

/***　　　　　　appvars.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   // Define application constants
  3.   define('GW_UPLOADPATH', 'images/');
  4.   define('GW_MAXFILESIZE', 32768);      // 32 KB
  5. ?>

/***　　　　　　connectvars.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   // Define database connection constants
  3.   define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');
  4.   define('DB_USER', 'root');
  5.   define('DB_PASSWORD', 'root');
  6.   define('DB_NAME', 'gwdb');
  7. ?>

/***　　　　　　admin.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   require_once('authorize.php');
  3. ?>
  4.  
  5. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  6.   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  7. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  8. <head>
  9.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  10.   <title>Guitar Wars - High Scores Administration</title>
  11.   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
  12. </head>
  13. <body>
  14.   <h2>Guitar Wars - High Scores Administration</h2>
  15.   <p>Below is a list of all Guitar Wars high scores. Use this page to remove scores as needed.</p>
  16.   <hr />
  17.  
  18. <?php
  19.   require_once('appvars.php');
  20.   require_once('connectvars.php');
  21.  
  22.   // Connect to the database
  23.   $dbc = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME);
  24.  
  25.   // Retrieve the score data from MySQL
  26.   $query = "SELECT * FROM guitarwars ORDER BY score DESC, date ASC";
  27.   $data = mysqli_query($dbc, $query);
  28.  
  29.   // Loop through the array of score data, formatting it as HTML
  30.   echo '<table>';
  31.   echo '<tr><th>Name</th><th>Date</th><th>Score</th><th>Action</th></tr>';
  32.   while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($data)) {
  33.     // Display the score data
  34.     echo '<tr class="scorerow"><td><strong>' . $row['name'] . '</strong></td>';
  35.     echo '<td>' . $row['date'] . '</td>';
  36.     echo '<td>' . $row['score'] . '</td>';
  37.     echo '<td><a href="removescore.php?id=' . $row['id'] . '&amp;date=' . $row['date'] .
  38.       '&amp;name=' . $row['name'] . '&amp;score=' . $row['score'] .
  39.       '&amp;screenshot=' . $row['screenshot'] . '">Remove</a>';
  40.     if ($row['approved'] == '0') {
  41.       echo ' / <a href="approvescore.php?id=' . $row['id'] . '&amp;date=' . $row['date'] .
  42.         '&amp;name=' . $row['name'] . '&amp;score=' . $row['score'] . '&amp;screenshot=' .
  43.         $row['screenshot'] . '">Approve</a>';
  44.     }
  45.     echo '</td></tr>';
  46.   }
  47.   echo '</table>';
  48.  
  49.   mysqli_close($dbc);
  50. ?>
  51.  
  52. </body>
  53. </html>

/***　　　　　　removescore.php　　　　　　***/

  1. <?php
  2.   require_once('authorize.php');
  3. ?>
  4.  
  5. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  6.   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
  7. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  8. <head>
  9.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  10.   <title>Guitar Wars - Remove a High Score</title>
  11.   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
  12. </head>
  13. <body>
  14.   <h2>Guitar Wars - Remove a High Score</h2>
  15.  
  16. <?php
  17.   require_once('appvars.php');
  18.   require_once('connectvars.php');
  19.  
  20.   if (isset($_GET['id']) && isset($_GET['date']) && isset($_GET['name']) && isset($_GET['score']) && isset($_GET['screenshot'])) {
  21.     // Grab the score data from the GET
  22.     $id = $_GET['id'];
  23.     $date = $_GET['date'];
  24.     $name = $_GET['name'];
  25.     $score = $_GET['score'];
  26.     $screenshot = $_GET['screenshot'];
  27.   }
  28.   else if (isset($_POST['id']) && isset($_POST['name']) && isset($_POST['score'])) {
  29.     // Grab the score data from the POST
  30.     $id = $_POST['id'];
  31.     $name = $_POST['name'];
  32.     $score = $_POST['score'];
  33.   }
  34.   else {
  35.     echo '<p class="error">Sorry, no high score was specified for removal.</p>';
  36.   }
  37.  
  38.   if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
  39.     if ($_POST['confirm'] == 'Yes') {
  40.       // Delete the screen shot image file from the server
  41.       @unlink(GW_UPLOADPATH . $screenshot);
  42.  
  43.       // Connect to the database
  44.       $dbc = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME); 
  45.  
  46.       // Delete the score data from the database
  47.       $query = "DELETE FROM guitarwars WHERE id = $id LIMIT 1";
  48.       mysqli_query($dbc, $query);
  49.       mysqli_close($dbc);
  50.  
  51.       // Confirm success with the user
  52.       echo '<p>The high score of ' . $score . ' for ' . $name . ' was successfully removed.';
  53.     }
  54.     else {
  55.       echo '<p class="error">The high score was not removed.</p>';
  56.     }
  57.   }
  58.   else if (isset($id) && isset($name) && isset($date) && isset($score)) {
  59.     echo '<p>Are you sure you want to delete the following high score?</p>';
  60.     echo '<p><strong>Name: </strong>' . $name . '<br /><strong>Date: </strong>' . $date .
  61.       '<br /><strong>Score: </strong>' . $score . '</p>';
  62.     echo '<form method="post" action="removescore.php">';
  63.     echo '<input type="radio" name="confirm" value="Yes" /> Yes ';
  64.     echo '<input type="radio" name="confirm" value="No" checked="checked" /> No <br />';
  65.     echo '<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="submit" />';
  66.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="id" value="' . $id . '" />';
  67.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="name" value="' . $name . '" />';
  68.     echo '<input type="hidden" name="score" value="' . $score . '" />';
  69.     echo '</form>';
  70.   }
  71.  
  72.   echo '<p><a href="admin.php">&lt;&lt; Back to admin page</a></p>';
  73. ?>
  74.  
  75. </body>
  76. </html>

/***　　　　　　style.css　　　　　　***/

  1. .error {
  2.   font-weight: bold;
  3.   color: #FF0000;
  4. }
  5.  
  6. .topscoreheader {
  7.   text-align: center;
  8.   font-size: 200%;
  9.   background-color: #36407F;
  10.   color: #FFFFFF;
  11. }
  12.  
  13. .score {
  14.   font-size:150%;
  15.   color: #36407F;
  16. }
  17.  
  18. .scoreinfo {
  19.   vertical-align: top;
  20.   padding-right:15px;
  21. }

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