Android5 Zygote 与 SystemServer 启动流程分析

Android5 Zygote 与 SystemServer 启动流程分析

• Android5 Zygote 与 SystemServer 启动流程分析
  • 前言
  • zygote 进程
    • 解析 zygoterc
    • 启动 SystemServer
    • 运行 ZygoteInitrunSelectLoop
  • SystemServer 启动过程
  • Zygote 的 fork 本地方法分析
    • forkSystemServer
      • ZygoteHookspreFork
      • 创建 system_server 进程
      • ZygoteHookspostForkCommon
    • forkAndSpecialize

前言

Android5.0.1 的启动流程与之前的版本号相比变化并不大，OK，变化尽管还是有：SystemServer 启动过程的 init1(), init2()没有了，但主干流程依旧不变：Linux 内核载入完毕之后，首先启动 init 进程。然后解析 init.rc，并依据其内容由 init 进程装载 Android 文件系统、创建系统文件夹、初始化属性系统、启动一些守护进程，当中最重要的守护进程就是 Zygote 进程。Zygote 进程初始化时会创建 Dalvik 虚拟机、预装载系统的资源和 Java 类。

全部从 Zygote 进程 fork 出来的用户进程都将继承和共享这些预载入的资源。

init 进程是 Android 的第一个进程，而 Zygote 进程则是全部用户进程的根进程。SystemServer 是 Zygote 进程 fork 出的第一个进程，也是整个 Android 系统的核心进程。

zygote 进程

解析 zygote.rc

在文件里 /system/core/rootdir/init.rc 中包括了 zygote.rc:

import /init.${ro.zygote}.rc

${ro.zygote}是平台相关的參数，实际可相应到 init.zygote32.rc。 init.zygote64.rc， init.zygote64_32.rc， init.zygote32_64.rc，前两个仅仅会启动单一app_process(64) 进程，而后两个则会启动两个app_process进程：第二个app_process进程称为 secondary，在后面的代码中能够看到相应 secondary socket 的创建过程。

为简化起见，在这里就不考虑这样的创建两个app_process进程的情形。

以 /system/core/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc 为例：

    service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
    class main
    socket zygote stream 660 root system
    onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
    onrestart write /sys/power/state on
    onrestart restart media
    onrestart restart netd

第一行创建了名为 zygote 的进程，这个进程是通过 app_process 的 main 启动并以”-Xzygote /system/bin –zygote –start-system-server”作为main的入口參数。

app_process 相应代码为 framework/base/cmds/app_process/app_main.cpp。在这个文件的main函数中：

AppRuntime runtime(argv[0], computeArgBlockSize(argc, argv));
    if (zygote) {
        runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", args);
    } else if (className) {
        runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit", args);
    }

依据入口參数。我们知道 zygote 为true，args參数中包括了”start-system-server”。

AppRuntime 继承自 AndroidRuntime，因此下一步就运行到 AndroidRuntime 的 start 函数。

void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const Vector<String8>& options)
{
    /* start the virtual machine */ // 创建虚拟机
    JniInvocation jni_invocation;
    jni_invocation.Init(NULL);
    JNIEnv* env;
    if (startVm(&mJavaVM, &env) != 0) {
        return;
    }
    onVmCreated(env);
    ...
    //调用className相应类的静态main()函数
    char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
    jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
    jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
    env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);
    ...
}

start函数主要做两件事：创建虚拟机和调用传入类名相应类的 main 函数。

因此下一步就运行到 com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit 的 main 函数。

    public static void main(String argv[]) {
        try {
            boolean startSystemServer = false;
            String socketName = "zygote";
            for (int i = 1; i < argv.length; i++) {
                if ("start-system-server".equals(argv[i])) {
                    startSystemServer = true;
                }
                ...
            }
            registerZygoteSocket(socketName);
            ...
            preload();
            ...
            if (startSystemServer) {
                startSystemServer(abiList, socketName);
            }
            Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections");
            runSelectLoop(abiList);
            closeServerSocket();
        } catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {
            caller.run();
        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);
            closeServerSocket();
            throw ex;
        }
    }

它主要做了三件事情:

1. 调用 registerZygoteSocket 函数创建了一个 socket 接口，用来和 ActivityManagerService 通讯；

2. 调用 startSystemServer 函数来启动 SystemServer;

3. 调用 runSelectLoop 函数进入一个无限循环在前面创建的 socket 接口上等待 ActivityManagerService 请求创建新的应用程序进程。

这里要留意 catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) 这一行，android 在这里通过抛出一个异常来处理正常的业务逻辑。

    socket zygote stream 660 root system

系统启动脚本文件 init.rc 是由 init 进程来解释运行的。而 init 进程的源码位于 system/core/init 文件夹中。在 init.c 文件里，是由 service_start 函数来解释 init.zygote32.rc 文件里的 service 命令的：

    void service_start(struct service *svc, const char *dynamic_args)
    {
        ...
        pid = fork();
        if (pid == 0) {
            struct socketinfo *si;
            ...
            for (si = svc->sockets; si; si = si->next) {
                int socket_type = (
                        !strcmp(si->type, "stream") ? SOCK_STREAM :
                            (!strcmp(si->type, "dgram") ? SOCK_DGRAM : SOCK_SEQPACKET));
                int s = create_socket(si->name, socket_type,
                                      si->perm, si->uid, si->gid, si->socketcon ?: scon);
                if (s >= 0) {
                    publish_socket(si->name, s);
                }
            }
            ...
        }
        ...
    }

每个 service 命令都会促使 init 进程调用 fork 函数来创建一个新的进程，在新的进程里面，会分析里面的 socket 选项，对于每个 socket 选项。都会通过 create_socket 函数来在 /dev/socket 文件夹下创建一个文件，在 zygote 进程中 socket 选项为“socket zygote stream 660 root system”，因此这个文件便是 zygote了，然后得到的文件描写叙述符通过 publish_socket 函数写入到环境变量中去：

    static void publish_socket(const char *name, int fd)
    {
        char key[64] = ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX;
        char val[64];
        strlcpy(key + sizeof(ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX) - 1,
                name,
                sizeof(key) - sizeof(ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX));
        snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", fd);
        add_environment(key, val);
        /* make sure we don't close-on-exec */
        fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, 0);
    }

这里传进来的參数name值为”zygote”，而 ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX 在 system/core/include/cutils/sockets.h 定义为：

#define ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX   "ANDROID_SOCKET_"
#define ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR          "/dev/socket"

因此。这里就把上面得到的文件描写叙述符写入到以 “ANDROID_SOCKET_zygote” 为 key 值的环境变量中。

又由于上面的 ZygoteInit.registerZygoteSocket 函数与这里创建 socket 文件的 create_socket 函数是运行在同一个进程中，因此，上面的 ZygoteInit.registerZygoteSocket 函数能够直接使用这个文件描写叙述符来创建一个 Java层的LocalServerSocket 对象。假设其他进程也需要打开这个 /dev/socket/zygote 文件来和 zygote 进程进行通信，那就必需要通过文件名称来连接这个 LocalServerSocket了。也就是说创建 zygote socket 之后，ActivityManagerService 就能够通过该 socket 与 zygote 进程通信从而 fork 创建新进程。android 中的全部应用进程都是通过这样的方式 fork zygote 进程创建的。在 ActivityManagerService中 的 startProcessLocked 中调用了Process.start()方法。进而调用 Process.startViaZygote 和 Process.openZygoteSocketIfNeeded。

启动 SystemServer

socket 创建完毕之后，紧接着就通过 startSystemServer 函数来启动 SystemServer 进程。

    private static boolean startSystemServer(String abiList, String socketName)
    {
        long capabilities = posixCapabilitiesAsBits(
            OsConstants.CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND,
            OsConstants.CAP_KILL,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_ADMIN,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_BROADCAST,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_RAW,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_MODULE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_NICE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_RESOURCE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TIME,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
        );
        /* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
        String args[] = {
            "--setuid=1000",
            "--setgid=1000",
            "--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,1032,3001,3002,3003,3006,3007",
            "--capabilities=" + capabilities + "," + capabilities,
            "--runtime-init",
            "--nice-name=system_server",
            "com.android.server.SystemServer",
        };
        ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;
        int pid;
        try {
            parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
            ...
            /* Request to fork the system server process */
            pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
                    parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
                    parsedArgs.gids,
                    parsedArgs.debugFlags,
                    null,
                    parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
                    parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
        }
        /* For child process */
        if (pid == 0) {
            if (hasSecondZygote(abiList)) {
                waitForSecondaryZygote(socketName);
            }
            handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
        }
        return true;
    }

这里我们能够从參数猜測出：创建名为“system_server”的进程。其入口是： com.android.server.SystemServer 的 main 函数。

zygote 进程通过 Zygote.forkSystemServer 函数来创建一个新的进程来启动 SystemServer 组件，返回值 pid 等 0 的地方就是新的进程要运行的路径。即新创建的进程会运行 handleSystemServerProcess 函数。hasSecondZygote 是针对 init.zygote64_32.rc。 init.zygote32_64.rc 这两者情况的。在这里跳过不谈。接下来来看 handleSystemServerProcess：

    /**
     * Finish remaining work for the newly forked system server process.
     */
    private static void handleSystemServerProcess(
            ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs)
            throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller
    {
        closeServerSocket();
        // set umask to 0077 so new files and directories will default to owner-only permissions.
        Os.umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
        if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) {
            Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName);
        }
        final String systemServerClasspath = Os.getenv("SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH");
        ClassLoader cl = null;
        if (systemServerClasspath != null) {
            cl = new PathClassLoader(systemServerClasspath, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(cl);
        }
        /*
         * Pass the remaining arguments to SystemServer.
         */
        RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs, cl);
        /* should never reach here */
    }

handleSystemServerProcess 会抛出 MethodAndArgsCaller 异常，前面提到这个异常事实上是处理正常业务逻辑的，相当于一个回调。

由于由 zygote 进程创建的子进程会继承 zygote 进程在前面创建的 socket 文件描写叙述符，而这里的子进程又不会用到它，因此。这里就调用 closeServerSocket 函数来关闭它。SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH 是包括 /system/framework/framework.jar 的环境变量。它定义在 system/core/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in 中：

    on init
        export PATH /sbin:/vendor/bin:/system/sbin:/system/bin:/system/xbin
        export ANDROID_BOOTLOGO 1
        export ANDROID_ROOT /system
        export SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH %SYSTEMSERVERCLASSPATH%
        export LD_PRELOAD libsigchain.so
handleSystemServerProcess 函数接着调用 RuntimeInit.zygoteInit 函数来进一步运行启动 SystemServer 组件的操作。
    public static final void zygoteInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader)
            throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
        commonInit();
        nativeZygoteInit();
        applicationInit(targetSdkVersion, argv, classLoader);
    }

commonInit 设置线程未处理异常handler，时区等。JNI 方法 nativeZygoteInit 实如今 frameworks/base/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp 中：

static AndroidRuntime* gCurRuntime = NULL;
static void com_android_internal_os_RuntimeInit_nativeZygoteInit(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
{
    gCurRuntime->onZygoteInit();
}

AndroidRuntime 是个带虚函数的基类，真正的实现是在 app_main.cpp 中的 AppRuntime:

class AppRuntime : public AndroidRuntime
{
    virtual void onStarted()
    {
        sp<ProcessState> proc = ProcessState::self();
        ALOGV("App process: starting thread pool.\n");
        proc->startThreadPool();
        AndroidRuntime* ar = AndroidRuntime::getRuntime();
        ar->callMain(mClassName, mClass, mArgs);
        IPCThreadState::self()->stopProcess();
    }
    virtual void onZygoteInit()
    {
        // Re-enable tracing now that we're no longer in Zygote.
        atrace_set_tracing_enabled(true);
        sp<ProcessState> proc = ProcessState::self();
        ALOGV("App process: starting thread pool.\n");
        proc->startThreadPool();
    }
    virtual void onExit(int code)
    {
        if (mClassName.isEmpty()) {
            // if zygote
            IPCThreadState::self()->stopProcess();
        }
        AndroidRuntime::onExit(code);
    }
};

通过运行 AppRuntime::onZygoteInit 函数，这个进程的 Binder 进程间通信机制基础设施就准备好了，參考代码 frameworks/native/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp。

接下来，看 applicationInit ：

    private static void applicationInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader)
            throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
        final Arguments args;
        try {
            args = new Arguments(argv);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            Slog.e(TAG, ex.getMessage());
            // let the process exit
            return;
        }
        // Remaining arguments are passed to the start class's static main
        invokeStaticMain(args.startClass, args.startArgs, classLoader);
    }

applicationInit 仅仅是转调 invokeStaticMain：

    private static void invokeStaticMain(String className, String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader)
            throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller
    {
        Class cl;
        cl = Class.forName(className, true, classLoader);
        Method m;
        m = cl.getMethod("main", new Class[] { String[].class });
        /*
         * This throw gets caught in ZygoteInit.main(), which responds
         * by invoking the exception's run() method. This arrangement
         * clears up all the stack frames that were required in setting
         * up the process.
         */
        throw new ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller(m, argv);
    }

invokeStaticMain 也非常easy。通过反射找到參数 className 相应的类的静态 main 方法。然后将该方法与參数生成 ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller 对象当做异常抛出，这个异常对象在 ZygoteInit 的 main 函数被捕获并运行该对象的 run 方法。

    /**
     * Helper exception class which holds a method and arguments and
     * can call them. This is used as part of a trampoline to get rid of
     * the initial process setup stack frames.
     */
    public static class MethodAndArgsCaller extends Exception
            implements Runnable {
        public void run() {
            ...
            mMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] { mArgs });
            ...
        }
    }

这么复杂的跳转。事实上就做了一件简单的事情：依据 className 反射调用该类的静态 main 方法。

这个类名是 ZygoteInit.startSystemServer 方法中写死的 com.android.server.SystemServer。 从而进入 SystemServer 类的 main()方法。

运行 ZygoteInit.runSelectLoop

在 startSystemServer 函数中，创建 system_server 进程之后，pid 等于 0 时在该新进程中运行 SystemServer.main，否则回到 zygote 进程进行运行 ZygoteInit.runSelectLoop：

    private static void runSelectLoop(String abiList) throws MethodAndArgsCaller {
        ArrayList<FileDescriptor> fds = new ArrayList<FileDescriptor>();
        ArrayList<ZygoteConnection> peers = new ArrayList<ZygoteConnection>();
        FileDescriptor[] fdArray = new FileDescriptor[4];
        fds.add(sServerSocket.getFileDescriptor());
        peers.add(null);
        int loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT;
        while (true) {
            int index;
            /*
             * Call gc() before we block in select().
             * It's work that has to be done anyway, and it's better
             * to avoid making every child do it.  It will also
             * madvise() any free memory as a side-effect.
             *
             * Don't call it every time, because walking the entire
             * heap is a lot of overhead to free a few hundred bytes.
             */
            if (loopCount <= 0) {
                gc();
                loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT;
            } else {
                loopCount--;
            }
            try {
                fdArray = fds.toArray(fdArray);
                index = selectReadable(fdArray);
            } catch (IOException ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Error in select()", ex);
            }
            if (index < 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Error in select()");
            } else if (index == 0) {
                ZygoteConnection newPeer = acceptCommandPeer(abiList);
                peers.add(newPeer);
                fds.add(newPeer.getFileDescriptor());
            } else {
                boolean done;
                done = peers.get(index).runOnce();
                if (done) {
                    peers.remove(index);
                    fds.remove(index);
                }
            }
        }
    }

runSelectLoop函数的逻辑比較简单，主要有两点：

1、 处理client的连接和请求。前面创建的 LocalServerSocket 对象保存 sServerSocket，这个 socket 通过 selectReadable 等待 ActivityManagerService(简写 AMS) 与之通信。selectReadable 是一个native函数。内部调用select等待 AMS 连接。AMS 连接上之后就会返回: 返回值 < 0：内部错误发生；返回值 = 0：第一次连接到服务端 ；返回值 > 0：与服务端已经建立连接。并開始发送数据。每个链接在 zygote 进程中使用 ZygoteConnection 对象表示。

2、 client的请求由 ZygoteConnection.runOnce 来处理，这种方法也抛出 MethodAndArgsCaller 异常，从而进入 MethodAndArgsCaller.run 中调用依据客户请求数据反射出的类的 main 方法。

    private String[] readArgumentList()
    {
        int argc;
        try {
            String s = mSocketReader.readLine();
            if (s == null) {
                // EOF reached.
                return null;
            }
            argc = Integer.parseInt(s);
        } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
            Log.e(TAG, "invalid Zygote wire format: non-int at argc");
            throw new IOException("invalid wire format");
        }
        String[] result = new String[argc];
        for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
            result[i] = mSocketReader.readLine();
            if (result[i] == null) {
                // We got an unexpected EOF.
                throw new IOException("truncated request");
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    boolean runOnce() throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
        String args[];
        Arguments parsedArgs = null;
        args = readArgumentList();
        parsedArgs = new Arguments(args);
        ...
        pid = Zygote.forkAndSpecialize(parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid, parsedArgs.gids,
                parsedArgs.debugFlags, rlimits, parsedArgs.mountExternal, parsedArgs.seInfo,
                parsedArgs.niceName, fdsToClose, parsedArgs.instructionSet,
                parsedArgs.appDataDir);
        ...
    }

SystemServer 启动过程

在前面启动 SystemServer一节讲到，通过反射调用类 com.android.server.SystemServer main() 函数，从而開始运行 SystemServer 的初始化流程。

SystemServer.main()

    /**
     * The main entry point from zygote.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new SystemServer().run();
    }

main 函数创建一个 SystemServer 对象，调用其 run() 方法。

    private void run() {
        // If a device's clock is before 1970 (before 0), a lot of
        // APIs crash dealing with negative numbers, notably
        // java.io.File#setLastModified, so instead we fake it and
        // hope that time from cell towers or NTP fixes it shortly.
        if (System.currentTimeMillis() < EARLIEST_SUPPORTED_TIME) {
            Slog.w(TAG, "System clock is before 1970; setting to 1970.");
            SystemClock.setCurrentTimeMillis(EARLIEST_SUPPORTED_TIME);
        } // 检測时间设置
        // Here we go!
        Slog.i(TAG, "Entered the Android system server!");
        EventLog.writeEvent(EventLogTags.BOOT_PROGRESS_SYSTEM_RUN, SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
        // In case the runtime switched since last boot (such as when
        // the old runtime was removed in an OTA), set the system
        // property so that it is in sync. We can't do this in
        // libnativehelper's JniInvocation::Init code where we already
        // had to fallback to a different runtime because it is
        // running as root and we need to be the system user to set
        // the property. http://b/11463182
        SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib.2", VMRuntime.getRuntime().vmLibrary());
        // Enable the sampling profiler.
        if (SamplingProfilerIntegration.isEnabled()) {
            SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
            mProfilerSnapshotTimer = new Timer();
            mProfilerSnapshotTimer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeSnapshot("system_server", null);
                }
            }, SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL, SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL);
        } // 启动性能分析採样
        // Mmmmmm... more memory!
        VMRuntime.getRuntime().clearGrowthLimit();
        // The system server has to run all of the time, so it needs to be
        // as efficient as possible with its memory usage.
        VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization(0.8f);
        // Some devices rely on runtime fingerprint generation, so make sure
        // we've defined it before booting further.
        Build.ensureFingerprintProperty();
        // Within the system server, it is an error to access Environment paths without
        // explicitly specifying a user.
        Environment.setUserRequired(true);
        // Ensure binder calls into the system always run at foreground priority.
        BinderInternal.disableBackgroundScheduling(true);
        // Prepare the main looper thread (this thread).
        android.os.Process.setThreadPriority(
                android.os.Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_FOREGROUND);
        android.os.Process.setCanSelfBackground(false);
        Looper.prepareMainLooper(); // 准备主线程循环
        // Initialize native services.
        System.loadLibrary("android_servers");
        nativeInit();
        // Check whether we failed to shut down last time we tried.
        // This call may not return.
        performPendingShutdown();
        // Initialize the system context.
        createSystemContext();
        // Create the system service manager.
        mSystemServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(mSystemContext);
        LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, mSystemServiceManager);
        // Start services.  // 启动服务
        try {
            startBootstrapServices();
            startCoreServices();
            startOtherServices();
        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            Slog.e("System", "******************************************");
            Slog.e("System", "************ Failure starting system services", ex);
            throw ex;
        }
        // For debug builds, log event loop stalls to dropbox for analysis.
        if (StrictMode.conditionallyEnableDebugLogging()) {
            Slog.i(TAG, "Enabled StrictMode for system server main thread.");
        }
        // Loop forever.
        Looper.loop();  // 启动线程循环，等待消息处理
        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

在这个 run 方法中，主要完毕三件事情。创建 system context 和 system service manager，启动一些系统服务。进入主线程消息循环。

Zygote 的 fork 本地方法分析

接下来我们细致分析 Zygote.forkSystemServer 与 Zygote.forkAndSpecialize 两个方法。

forkSystemServer

    private static final ZygoteHooks VM_HOOKS = new ZygoteHooks();
    public static int forkSystemServer(int uid, int gid, int[] gids, int debugFlags,
            int[][] rlimits, long permittedCapabilities, long effectiveCapabilities) {
        VM_HOOKS.preFork();
        int pid = nativeForkSystemServer(
                uid, gid, gids, debugFlags, rlimits, permittedCapabilities, effectiveCapabilities);
        VM_HOOKS.postForkCommon();
        return pid;
    }

在调用 nativeForkSystemServer 创建 system_server 进程之前与之后，都会调用 ZygoteHooks 进行一些前置与后置处理。

ZygoteHooks.preFork

前置处理 ZygoteHooks.preFork：

    public void preFork() {
        Daemons.stop();
        waitUntilAllThreadsStopped();
        token = nativePreFork();
    }

Daemons.stop(); 停止虚拟机中一些守护线程操作：如引用队列、终接器、GC等

    public static void stop() {
        ReferenceQueueDaemon.INSTANCE.stop();
        FinalizerDaemon.INSTANCE.stop();
        FinalizerWatchdogDaemon.INSTANCE.stop();
        HeapTrimmerDaemon.INSTANCE.stop();
        GCDaemon.INSTANCE.stop();
    }

waitUntilAllThreadsStopped 保证被 fork 的进程是单线程，这样能够确保通过 copyonwrite fork 出来的进程也是单线程。从而节省资源。

与前面提到的在新建 system_server 进程中调用 closeServerSocket 关闭 sockect 有异曲同工之妙。

    /**
     * We must not fork until we're single-threaded again. Wait until /proc shows we're
     * down to just one thread.
     */
    private static void waitUntilAllThreadsStopped() {
        File tasks = new File("/proc/self/task");
        while (tasks.list().length > 1) {
            try {
                // Experimentally, booting and playing about with a stingray, I never saw us
                // go round this loop more than once with a 10ms sleep.
                Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
            }
        }
    }

本地方法 nativePreFork 实如今 art/runtime/native/dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc 中。

    static jlong ZygoteHooks_nativePreFork(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {
      Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
      CHECK(runtime->IsZygote()) << "runtime instance not started with -Xzygote";
      runtime->PreZygoteFork();
      // Grab thread before fork potentially makes Thread::pthread_key_self_ unusable.
      Thread* self = Thread::Current();
      return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(self);
    }

ZygoteHooks_nativePreFork 通过调用 Runtime::PreZygoteFork 来完毕 gc 堆的一些初始化，这部分代码在 art/runtime/runtime.cc 中：

    heap_ = new gc::Heap(...);
    void Runtime::PreZygoteFork() {
        heap_->PreZygoteFork();
    }

创建 system_server 进程：

nativeForkSystemServer 实如今 framework/base/core/jni/com_android_internal_os_Zygote.cpp 中：

    static jint com_android_internal_os_Zygote_nativeForkSystemServer(
            JNIEnv* env, jclass, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, jintArray gids,
            jint debug_flags, jobjectArray rlimits, jlong permittedCapabilities,
            jlong effectiveCapabilities) {
        pid_t pid = ForkAndSpecializeCommon(env, uid, gid, gids,
                        debug_flags, rlimits,
                        permittedCapabilities, effectiveCapabilities,
                        MOUNT_EXTERNAL_NONE, NULL, NULL, true, NULL,
                        NULL, NULL);
        if (pid > 0) {
            // The zygote process checks whether the child process has died or not.
            ALOGI("System server process %d has been created", pid);
            gSystemServerPid = pid;
            // There is a slight window that the system server process has crashed
            // but it went unnoticed because we haven't published its pid yet. So
            // we recheck here just to make sure that all is well.
            int status;
            if (waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG) == pid) {
                ALOGE("System server process %d has died. Restarting Zygote!", pid);
                RuntimeAbort(env);
            }
        }
        return pid;
    }

它转调 ForkAndSpecializeCommon 来创建新进程。并确保 system_server 创建成功，若不成功便成仁：重新启动 zygote。由于没有 system_server 就干不了什么事情。ForkAndSpecializeCommon 实现例如以下：

    static const char kZygoteClassName[] = "com/android/internal/os/Zygote";
    gZygoteClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(env->FindClass(kZygoteClassName));
    gCallPostForkChildHooks = env->GetStaticMethodID(gZygoteClass, "callPostForkChildHooks",
                                           "(ILjava/lang/String;)V");
    // Utility routine to fork zygote and specialize the child process.
    static pid_t ForkAndSpecializeCommon(JNIEnv* env, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, jintArray javaGids,
                     jint debug_flags, jobjectArray javaRlimits,
                     jlong permittedCapabilities, jlong effectiveCapabilities,
                     jint mount_external,
                     jstring java_se_info, jstring java_se_name,
                     bool is_system_server, jintArray fdsToClose,
                     jstring instructionSet, jstring dataDir)
    {
        SetSigChldHandler();
        pid_t pid = fork();
        if (pid == 0) {
            // The child process.
            ...
            rc = selinux_android_setcontext(uid, is_system_server, se_info_c_str, se_name_c_str);
            ...
            UnsetSigChldHandler();
            ...
            env->CallStaticVoidMethod(gZygoteClass, gCallPostForkChildHooks, debug_flags,
                          is_system_server ? NULL : instructionSet);
        }
        else if (pid > 0) {
            // the parent process
        }
        return pid;
    }

ForkAndSpecializeCommon 首先设置子进程异常处理handler，然后 fork 新进程。在新进程中设置 SELinux，并清除它的子进程异常处理 handler，然后调用 Zygote.callPostForkChildHooks 方法。

    private static void callPostForkChildHooks(int debugFlags, String instructionSet) {
        long startTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
        VM_HOOKS.postForkChild(debugFlags, instructionSet);
        checkTime(startTime, "Zygote.callPostForkChildHooks");
    }

callPostForkChildHooks 又转调 ZygoteHooks.postForkChild :

    public void postForkChild(int debugFlags, String instructionSet) {
        nativePostForkChild(token, debugFlags, instructionSet);
    }

本地方法 nativePostForkChild 又进到 dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc 中：

    static void ZygoteHooks_nativePostForkChild(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong token, jint debug_flags,
                                            jstring instruction_set) {
        Thread* thread = reinterpret_cast<Thread*>(token);
        // Our system thread ID, etc, has changed so reset Thread state.
        thread->InitAfterFork();
        EnableDebugFeatures(debug_flags);
        if (instruction_set != nullptr) {
            ScopedUtfChars isa_string(env, instruction_set);
            InstructionSet isa = GetInstructionSetFromString(isa_string.c_str());
            Runtime::NativeBridgeAction action = Runtime::NativeBridgeAction::kUnload;
            if (isa != kNone && isa != kRuntimeISA) {
                action = Runtime::NativeBridgeAction::kInitialize;
            }
            Runtime::Current()->DidForkFromZygote(env, action, isa_string.c_str());
        } else {
            Runtime::Current()->DidForkFromZygote(env, Runtime::NativeBridgeAction::kUnload, nullptr);
        }
    }

thread->InitAfterFork(); 实如今 art/runtime/thread.cc 中，设置新进程主线程的线程id： tid。DidForkFromZygote 实如今 Runtime.cc 中：

    void Runtime::DidForkFromZygote(JNIEnv* env, NativeBridgeAction action, const char* isa) {
        is_zygote_ = false;
        switch (action) {
        case NativeBridgeAction::kUnload:
            UnloadNativeBridge();
            break;
        case NativeBridgeAction::kInitialize:
            InitializeNativeBridge(env, isa);
            break;
        }
        // Create the thread pool.
        heap_->CreateThreadPool();
        StartSignalCatcher();
        // Start the JDWP thread. If the command-line debugger flags specified "suspend=y",
        // this will pause the runtime, so we probably want this to come last.
        Dbg::StartJdwp();
    }

首先依据 action 參数来卸载或转载用于跨平台桥接用的库。然后启动 gc 堆的线程池。StartSignalCatcher 设置信号 处理 handler，其代码在 signal_catcher.cc 中。

ZygoteHooks.postForkCommon

后置处理 ZygoteHooks.postForkCommon：

    public void postForkCommon() {
        Daemons.start();
    }

postForkCommon 转调 Daemons.start，以初始化虚拟机中引用队列、终接器以及 gc 的守护线程。

    public static void start() {
        ReferenceQueueDaemon.INSTANCE.start();
        FinalizerDaemon.INSTANCE.start();
        FinalizerWatchdogDaemon.INSTANCE.start();
        HeapTrimmerDaemon.INSTANCE.start();
        GCDaemon.INSTANCE.start();
    }

forkAndSpecialize

Zygote.forkAndSpecialize 方法

    public static int forkAndSpecialize(int uid, int gid, int[] gids, int debugFlags,
          int[][] rlimits, int mountExternal, String seInfo, String niceName, int[] fdsToClose,
          String instructionSet, String appDataDir) {
        long startTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
        VM_HOOKS.preFork();
        checkTime(startTime, "Zygote.preFork");
        int pid = nativeForkAndSpecialize(
                  uid, gid, gids, debugFlags, rlimits, mountExternal, seInfo, niceName, fdsToClose,
                  instructionSet, appDataDir);
        checkTime(startTime, "Zygote.nativeForkAndSpecialize");
        VM_HOOKS.postForkCommon();
        checkTime(startTime, "Zygote.postForkCommon");
        return pid;
    }

前置处理与后置处理与 forkSystemServer 中一样的，这里就跳过不讲了。本地方法 nativeForkAndSpecialize 实如今 framework/base/core/jni/com_android_internal_os_Zygote.cpp 中：

static jint com_android_internal_os_Zygote_nativeForkAndSpecialize(
        JNIEnv* env, jclass, jint uid, jint gid, jintArray gids,
        jint debug_flags, jobjectArray rlimits,
        jint mount_external, jstring se_info, jstring se_name,
        jintArray fdsToClose, jstring instructionSet, jstring appDataDir) {
    // Grant CAP_WAKE_ALARM to the Bluetooth process.
    jlong capabilities = 0;
    if (uid == AID_BLUETOOTH) {
        capabilities |= (1LL << CAP_WAKE_ALARM);
    }
    return ForkAndSpecializeCommon(env, uid, gid, gids, debug_flags,
            rlimits, capabilities, capabilities, mount_external, se_info,
            se_name, false, fdsToClose, instructionSet, appDataDir);
}

这个函数与 com_android_internal_os_Zygote_nativeForkSystemServer 非常相似，仅仅只是少了一个确保子进程创建成功的步骤。