SSH 安全性和配置

转载于 http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/aix/library/au-sshsecurity/

对于一些之前列举的代码示例，许多系统管理员担心 SSH 使用情况和功能的一些安全性实现。尽管已经口头和书面说明了常见的各种 SSH 安全性和远程主机安全性方法，下面有一系列流程和配置可用于加强有关远程主机访问的 SSH 安全性：

  • 将 root 账户仅限制为控制台访问：

    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. PermitRootLogin no
  • 为私有密钥使用一个强大的口令和密码保护来创建公私密钥对（绝不要生成一个无密码的密钥对或一个无密码口令无密钥的登录）： 
    1. (Use a higher bit rate for the encryption for more security)
    2. ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096
  • 配置 TCP 包装程序，以便仅允许选定的远程主机并拒绝不合意的主机： 
    1. # vi /etc/hosts.deny
    2. ALL: 192.168.200.09		# IP Address of badguy
  • 在工作站或笔记本电脑上，关闭 SSH 服务禁用 SSH 服务器，然后删除 ssh 服务器包： 
    1. # chkconfig sshd off
    2. # yum erase openssh-server
  • 通过控制用户访问限制 SSH 访问： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. AllowUsers fsmythe bnice swilson
    3. DenyUsers jhacker joebadguy jripper
  • 仅使用 SSH Protocol 2： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. Protocol 2
  • 不要支持闲置会话，并配置 Idle Log Out Timeout 间隔： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. ClientAliveInterval 600		# (Set to 600 seconds = 10 minutes)
    3. ClientAliveCountMax 0
  • 禁用基于主机的身份验证： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. HostbasedAuthentication no
  • 禁用用户的 .rhosts 文件： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. IgnoreRhosts yes
  • 配置防火墙以接受仅来自已知网段的 SSH 连接： 
    1. Update /etc/sysconfig/iptables (Redhat specific file) to accept connection only
    2. from 192.168.100.0/24 and 209.64.100.5/27, enter:
    3.  
    4. -A RH-FW-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
    5. -A RH-FW-1-INPUT -s 209.64.100.5/27 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
  • 限制 SSH 将侦听和绑定到的可用接口： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. ListenAddress 192.168.100.17
    3. ListenAddress 209.64.100.15
  • 设置用户策略，实施强大的密码来防御强力攻击、社会工程企图（social engineering attempts）和字典攻击： 
    1. # < /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Za-z0-9_ | head -c8
    2. oP0FNAUt[
  • 使用 Chroot SSHD 将 SFTP 用户局限于其自己的主目录： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. ChrootDirectory /data01/home/%u
    3. X11Forwarding no
    4. AllowTcpForwarding no
  • 禁用空密码： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. PermitEmptyPasswords no
  • 在指定时间内对传入端口 2022 连接的数量限速： 
    1. Redhat iptables example (Update /etc/sysconfig/iptables): 
    2.  
    3. -A INPUT  -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 2022 -m state --state NEW -m limit --limit 3/min
    4. --limit-burst 3 -j ACCEPT
    5.  
    6. -A INPUT  -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 2022 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
    7. -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 2022 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
  • 配置 iptables，以便在 30 秒内仅允许在端口 2022 上有三个连接尝试： 
    1. Redhat iptables example (Update /etc/sysconfig/iptables):
    2. -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 2022 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set
    3.  
    4. -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 2022 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update
    5. --seconds 30 --hitcount 3 -j DR
  • 使用一个日志分析器，比如 logcheck、loggrep、splunk 或 logwatch 来更好地理解日志并创建日志报告。另外，在 SSH 应用程序自身内增加日志记录的详细度： 
    1. Installation of the logwatch package on Redhat Linux
    2. # yum install logwatch
  • 通过配置增加 SSH 日志记录的详细度： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. LogLevel DEBUG
  • 在补丁上总是将 SSH 程序包和需要的库保持为最新： 
    1. # yum update openssh-server openssh openssh-clients -y
  • 隐藏 OpenSSH 版本，要求 SSH 源代码并进行重新编译。然后进行以下更新： 
    1. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    2. VerifyReverseMapping yes	# Turn on  reverse name checking
    3. UsePrivilegeSeparation yes	# Turn on privilege separation
    4. StrictModes yes			# Prevent the use of insecure home directory
    5. 				# and key file permissions
    6. AllowTcpForwarding no		# Turn off , if at all possible
    7. X11Forwarding no		# Turn off , if at all possible
    8. PasswordAuthentication no	# Specifies whether password authentication is
    9. 				# allowed.  The default is yes. Users must have
    10. 				# another authentication method available .
  • 从系统上删除 rlogin 和 rsh 二进制程序，并将它们替代为 SSH 的一个 symlink： 
    1. # find /usr -name rsh
    2. /usr/bin/rsh
    3. # rm -f /usr/bin/rsh
    4. # ln -s /usr/bin/ssh /usr/bin/rsh

SSH 支持可启用或禁用的多种不同的身份验证方法和技术。在 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 文件中，您可以进行这些配置更改，方法就是输入为身份验证方法列出的关键字，然后紧接 yes 或 no。下面是一些常见的配置更改：

  1. # RSAAuthentication yes
  2. # PubkeyAuthentication yes
  3. # RhostsRSAAuthentication no
  4. # HostbasedAuthentication no
  5. # RhostsRSAAuthentication and HostbasedAuthentication
  6. PasswordAuthentication yes
  7. ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
  8. # KerberosAuthentication no
  9. GSSAPIAuthentication yes
  1.   sshd_config 文件内的 AllowedAuthentications 和 RequiredAuthentications 决定哪些身份验证方法和配置仅用于 SSH Protocol 2，且它们支持密码和公钥身份验证的语法如下：
  2.  
  3. # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
  4. AllowedAuthentications publickey, password
  5. RequiredAuthentications publickey, password

 其他/补充

1.建议把端口号改成9000以上

  1. [root@lyj1 ~]# ssh 10.0.80.10
  2. ssh: connect to host 10.0.80.10 port 22: Connection refused
  3.  
  4. [root@lyj1 ~]# ssh -p 9001 10.0.80.10
  5. The authenticity of host '[10.0.80.10]:9001 ([10.0.80.10]:9001)' can't be established.
  6. RSA key fingerprint is 55:e5:85:f1:45:19:0b:a7:b7:c0:af:fe:f4:57:20:dc.
  7. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
  8. Warning: Permanently added '[10.0.80.10]:9001' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
  9. root@10.0.80.10's password:

　　

2.服务器A和服务器B相互信任实验

实验描述：

服务器A：10.0.10.158，有普通用户user_00

服务器B：10.0.10.191，有普通用户user_00

实现A和B之间相互可以无密码SSH登陆

  1. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ su - user_00   #切换至用户user_00
  2. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ ssh-keygen     #生成公钥和密钥
  3. ......略......
  4. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ ls
  5. authorized_keys  id_rsa  id_rsa.pub
  6.  
  7. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ su - user_00
  8. [user_00@lyj2 .ssh]$ ssh-keygen
  9. ......略......
  10. [user_00@lyj2 .ssh]$ ls
  11. authorized_keys  id_rsa  id_rsa.pub
  1. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ cat -n authorized_keys  #把B的公钥复制到A的authorized
  2.      1	ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAouMkukq0j5cinhEMvbDzbLmozHBeolqQ0nmDBxk7ViHF1lOxR/GCiME6D9GnSGHIMMqYIvRTNjgoQxzl7BHvAp0a3gTV28Q7F/hPKp3Uu9ab5ihdRraSU3N0HPxPka8U6jANn4UK6tAq7kZGx7Q5OjD7iZGY1ZDsgZS6BDgPPvyMQpUluy6ave0FwBCWYSHfWvqGK+2BlQ5L7fwieMYPYUPly4HKbrUAkuAPa7lH7vbwYzKe2FhqJlJ41ZCla88NKhZAt3WUZgNdY9/k1kwTbFZZttYVVFPc3aJnAXrZtF1aQv5iwkQ7cpuEBjcwFmcbZwSu8Qbk6rQv0HBsvtj18w== user_00@localhost.localdomain
  3.      2	ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAxKhaOwUKoYkIDMYsja8eJUoJd0rr6C6urPNBEl33d86mWfgt2Qq23krPmxScRMK3QRJV7J1UiWlumwq6PfWkLCU3POlL2goEmgqfeKwn9ZlCTgnB3cjNef/6TdgcOESksj2xsprShBjT5djWC82xQbmieNHK+MiMwtvz1ITm4ZeyVfZgRoIRe3Lm1eWaUuMmve0kU7qFOJNvDV0+YHJu+ntOvpz17NXLHhzzWbHk9Ulnbz5brBPwQ8xBdFt+DSLYZMFNj+EVatvAg0YE5kAMFL6iuA49sgsKL70WN3VaGU++25PdrcU+Bw9YbtgmXGBzcbhjcWf8HdK22QuPOS+3jw== user_00@lyj2
  4.  
  5. [user_00@lyj2 .ssh]$ cat -n authorized_keys  #把A的公钥复制到B的authorized
  6.      1	ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAouMkukq0j5cinhEMvbDzbLmozHBeolqQ0nmDBxk7ViHF1lOxR/GCiME6D9GnSGHIMMqYIvRTNjgoQxzl7BHvAp0a3gTV28Q7F/hPKp3Uu9ab5ihdRraSU3N0HPxPka8U6jANn4UK6tAq7kZGx7Q5OjD7iZGY1ZDsgZS6BDgPPvyMQpUluy6ave0FwBCWYSHfWvqGK+2BlQ5L7fwieMYPYUPly4HKbrUAkuAPa7lH7vbwYzKe2FhqJlJ41ZCla88NKhZAt3WUZgNdY9/k1kwTbFZZttYVVFPc3aJnAXrZtF1aQv5iwkQ7cpuEBjcwFmcbZwSu8Qbk6rQv0HBsvtj18w== user_00@localhost.localdomain
  7.      2	ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAwijcQXHMCIPupkTQm0q6S/BmKm9qL5yjxftCr2P0Ql+6+ZCL7Infv3DSL9qsRVkrOAgx0ADFA+qJ3vfN2EWux/yqRF6pjkQqFbW7CLu963O4ZmQjsVkzovWGen1rXI7yfZ342NPjmrGllqFFJxkQ210xztl/z0go1EZrN0GC2RQV/HLC7HQdgh9fzQXIdcJhfEga6WMh/uMCVZz/yWcaN0P9QcG8OGr7Px2rhz9hT51wtnHlavi+y32HVmoqqW1KYhY2r2GmKK+aE+YUakM5ghnoKl0lvSXNPn/S3IQx4gZg4oyLXz4u0R1cyOnAUBHg1zAIvy3ntw62tEIhoGDmbw== user_00@lyj1
  8.  
  9. [user_00@lyj2 .ssh]$ ll -d authorized_keys   #检查authorized文件的权限(644)和属主属组(user_00)
  10. -rw-r--r--. 1 user_00 user_00 805 11月 26 09:52 authorized_keys
  11.  
  12. [user_00@lyj1 .ssh]$ ll -d authorized_keys
  13. -rw-r--r--. 1 user_00 user_00 805 11月 26 00:08 authorized_keys

实验结果：

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