[kubernetes]二进制方式部署单机k8s-v1.30.5

前言

之前在单机测试k8s的kind最近故障了，虚拟机运行个几分钟后就宕机了，不知道是根因是什么，而且kind部署k8s不太好做一些个性化配置，干脆用二进制方式重新搭一个单机k8s。

因为是用来开发测试的，所以control-panel就不做高可用了，etcd+apiserver+controller-manager+scheduler都只有一个实例。

环境信息：

• 主机：Debian 12.7，4核CPU、4GB内存、30GB存储（只是部署一个k8s的话，2C2G的配置也足够）
• 容器运行时：containerd v1.7.22
• etcd: v3.4.34
• kubernetes：v1.30.5
• cni: calico v3.25.0

本文中的大部分配置文件已上传到gitee - k8s-note，目录为"安装k8s/二进制单机部署k8s-v1.30.5"，如有需要可直接clone repo.

准备

本节命令大部分都要root权限，如果执行命令时提示权限不足，可自行切换root用户或使用sudo。

调整主机参数

1. 修改主机名。kubernetes要求每个节点的hostname不一样

hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node1

1. 修改/etc/hosts文件。如果内网有自建DNS可忽略

192.168.0.31 k8s-node1

1. 安装时间同步服务。如果有多台主机，要注意主机之间的时间要同步。内网如果有时间同步服务器，可以修改chrony的配置来指向内网时间同步服务器

sudo apt install -y chrony
sudo systemctl start chrony

1. 关闭swap。默认情况下，k8s没法在使用swap的主机上运行。这里用的临时关闭命令，固化配置需要修改/etc/fstab文件，将swap相关配置行删除或注释。

sudo swapoff -a

1. 装载内核模块。这步没做的话，下一步配置系统参数会报错。

# 1. 添加配置
cat <<EOF > /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

# 2. 立即装载
modprobe overlay
modprobe br_netfilter

# 3. 检查装载。如果没有输出结果则说明没有装载成功。
lsmod | grep br_netfilter

1. 配置系统参数。主要是net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables、net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables和net.ipv4.ip_forward这三个参数，其它参数可按情况自行修改。

# 1. 添加配置文件
cat << EOF > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s-sysctl.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
user.max_user_namespaces=28633
vm.swappiness = 0
EOF

# 2. 配置生效
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s-sysctl.conf

1. 启用ipvs。编写systemd配置文件，实现开机自动装载到内核。能安装ipvs的话就尽量使用ipvs，有助于提高集群的负载均衡性能。具体参见：https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/blog/2018/07/09/ipvs-based-in-cluster-load-balancing-deep-dive/

# 1. 安装依赖
apt install -y ipset ipvsadm
# 2. 立即装载
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack

# 3. 固化到配置文件
cat << EOF > /etc/modules-load.d/ipvs.conf
ip_vs
ip_vs_rr
ip_vs_wrr
ip_vs_sh
nf_conntrack
EOF

# 4. 检查是否已装载
lsmod |grep ip_vs

安装containerd

k8s在1.24版本之后不再直接支持docker作为容器运行时，所以本文使用使用containerd。二进制安装包可从GitHub - containerd下载，注意要下载cri-containerd-cni版本的

1. 解压到根目录。压缩包里面的文件是按照根目录结构组织的，所以要直接解压到根目录。

tar xf cri-containerd-cni-1.7.22-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /

1. 创建配置文件目录并生成默认的配置文件

mkdir /etc/containerd
containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml

1. 编辑配置文件/etc/containerd/config.toml，修改以下内容

# 对于使用systemd作为init system的linux发行版，官方建议用systemd作为容器cgroup driver
# false改成true
SystemdCgroup = true
# pause镜像的地址改为自己在阿里云上传的镜像地址。如果是内网环境，可改为内网registry的地址
sandbox_image = "registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/pause:3.9"

1. 启动containerd

systemctl start containerd
systemctl enable containerd

1. 执行命令测试下containerd是否正常。没报错一般就是正常的

crictl images

生成ca证书

后面的k8s和etcd集群都会用到ca证书。如果组织能提供统一的CA认证中心，则直接使用组织颁发的CA证书即可。如果没有统一的CA认证中心，则可以通过颁发自签名的CA证书来完成安全配置。这里自行生成一个ca证书。

# 生成私钥文件ca.key
openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
# 根据私钥文件生成根证书文件ca.crt
# /CN为master的主机名或IP地址
# days为证书的有效期
openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -subj "/CN=k8s-node1" -days 36500 -out ca.crt

# 拷贝ca证书到/etc/kubernetes/pki
mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki
cp ca.crt ca.key /etc/kubernetes/pki/

安装etcd

etcd的安装包可以从官网下载，下载后解压。可以将压缩包中的etcd和etcdctl放到环境变量PATH中的目录。

1. 编辑文件etcd_ssl.cnf。IP地址为etcd节点。

[ req ]
req_extensions = v3_req
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name

[ req_distinguished_name ]

[ v3_req ]

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ alt_names ]
IP.1 = 192.168.0.31

1. 创建etcd服务端证书

openssl genrsa -out etcd_server.key 2048
openssl req -new -key etcd_server.key -config etcd_ssl.cnf -subj "/CN=etcd-server" -out etcd_server.csr
openssl x509 -req -in etcd_server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -extensions v3_req -extfile etcd_ssl.cnf -out etcd_server.crt

1. 创建etcd客户端证书

openssl genrsa -out etcd_client.key 2048
openssl req -new -key etcd_client.key -config etcd_ssl.cnf -subj "/CN=etcd-client" -out etcd_client.csr
openssl x509 -req -in etcd_client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -extensions v3_req -extfile etcd_ssl.cnf -out etcd_client.crt

1. 编辑etcd的配置文件。目录、文件路径，IP、端口等信息按实际情况修改

ETCD_NAME=etcd1
ETCD_DATA_DIR=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/data

ETCD_CERT_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/certs/etcd_server.crt
ETCD_KEY_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/certs/etcd_server.key
ETCD_TRUSTED_CA_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt
ETCD_CLIENT_CERT_AUTH=true
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS=https://192.168.0.31:2379
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS=https://192.168.0.31:2379

ETCD_PEER_CERT_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/certs/etcd_server.crt
ETCD_PEER_KEY_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/certs/etcd_server.key
ETCD_PEER_TRUSTED_CA_FILE=/home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS=https://192.168.0.31:2380
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS=https://192.168.0.31:2380

ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN=etcd-cluster
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd1=https://192.168.0.31:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE=new

1. 编辑/etc/systemd/system/etcd.service，注意根据实际修改配置文件和etcd二进制文件的路径

[Unit]
Description=etcd key-value store
Documentation=https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd
After=network.target

[Service]
User=rainux
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/conf/etcd.conf
ExecStart=/home/rainux/apps/etcd/etcd
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动etcd

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start etcd
systemctl enable etcd

# 检查service状态
systemctl status etcd

1. 使用etcd客户端验证下etcd状态

etcdctl --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt --cert=$HOME/apps/certs/etcd_client.crt --key=$HOME/apps/certs/etcd_client.key --endpoints=https://192.168.0.31:2379 endpoint health

# 正常情况下会有类似以下输出
https://192.168.0.31:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 13.705325ms

安装control-panel

k8s的二进制文件安装包可以从github下载：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases

在changelog中找到二进制包的下载链接，下载server binary即可，里面包含了master和node的二进制文件。

解压后将其中的二进制文件挪到 /usr/local/bin目录

安装apiserver

apiserver的核心功能是提供k8s各类资源对象的增删改查及watch等HTTP REST接口，成为集群内各个功能模块之间数据交互和通信的中心枢纽，是整个系统的数据总线和数据中心。除此之外，它还是集群管理的API入口，是资源配额控制的入口，提供了完备的集群安全机制。

1. 编辑master_ssl.cnf。DNS.5为三台服务器的主机名，另行设置/etc/hosts。IP.1为Master Service虚拟服务的Cluster IP地址，IP.2为apiserver的服务器IP

[req]
req_extensions = v3_req
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
[req_distinguished_name]

[ v3_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[alt_names]
DNS.1 = kubernetes
DNS.2 = kubernetes.default
DNS.3 = kubernetes.default.svc
DNS.4 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
DNS.5 = k8s-node1
IP.1 = 169.169.0.1
IP.2 = 192.168.0.31

1. 生成ssl证书文件

openssl genrsa -out apiserver.key 2048
openssl req -new -key apiserver.key -config master_ssl.cnf -subj "/CN=k8s-node1" -out apiserver.csr
openssl x509 -req -in apiserver.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 36500 -extensions v3_req -extfile master_ssl.cnf -out apiserver.crt

1. 使用cfssl创建sa.pub和sa-key.pem。cfssl和cfssljson可以从GitHub - cfssl下载

cat<<EOF > sa-csr.json
{
    "CN":"sa",
    "key":{
        "algo":"rsa",
        "size":2048
    },
    "names":[
        {
            "C":"CN",
            "L":"BeiJing",
            "ST":"BeiJing",
            "O":"k8s",
            "OU":"System"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert -initca sa-csr.json | cfssljson -bare sa -

openssl x509 -in sa.pem -pubkey -noout > sa.pub

1. 编辑kube-apiserver的配置文件，注意根据实际情况修改文件路径和etcd地址

KUBE_API_ARGS="--secure-port=6443 \
--tls-cert-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/apiserver.crt \
--tls-private-key-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/apiserver.key \
--client-ca-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt \
--service-account-issuer=https://kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local \
--service-account-key-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/sa.pub \
--service-account-signing-key-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/sa-key.pem \
--apiserver-count=1 \
--endpoint-reconciler-type=master-count \
--etcd-servers=https://192.168.0.31:2379 \
--etcd-cafile=/home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt \
--etcd-certfile=/home/rainux/apps/certs/etcd_client.crt \
--etcd-keyfile=/home/rainux/apps/certs/etcd_client.key \
--service-cluster-ip-range=169.169.0.0/16 \
--service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \
--allow-privileged=true \
--audit-log-maxsize=100 \
--audit-log-maxage=15 \
--audit-log-path=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/logs/apiserver.log --v=2"

1. 编辑service文件。/etc/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service

[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes API Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=etcd.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/apiserver.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver $KUBE_API_ARGS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动apiserver

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-apiserver
systemctl enable kube-apiserver

# 检查service状态
systemctl status kube-apiserver

1. 生成客户端证书

openssl genrsa -out client.key 2048
# /CN的名称用于标识连接apiserver的客户端用户名称
openssl req -new -key client.key -subj "/CN=admin" -out client.csr
openssl x509 -req -in client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out client.crt -days 36500

1. 创建客户端连接apiserver所需的kubeconfig配置文件。其中server为nginx监听地址。注意根据实际修改配置。这个kubeconfig配置文件也可以给kubectl使用，所以开发环境中可以直接文件路径置为$HOME/.kube/config

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- name: default
  cluster:
    server: https://192.168.0.31:6443
    certificate-authority: /home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt
users:
- name: admin
  user:
    client-certificate: /home/rainux/apps/certs/client.crt
    client-key: /home/rainux/apps/certs/client.key
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: default
    user: admin
  name: default
current-context: default

安装kube-controller-manager

controller-manager通过apiserver提供的接口实时监控集群中特定资源的状态变化，当资源对象不符合预期状态时，controller-manager会尝试将其状态调整为期望的状态。

1. 编辑配置文件 /home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-controller-manager.conf

KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS="--kubeconfig=/home/rainux/.kube/config \
--leader-elect=true \
--service-cluster-ip-range=169.169.0.0/16 \
--service-account-private-key-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/apiserver.key \
--root-ca-file=/home/rainux/apps/certs/ca.crt \
--v=0"

1. 编辑service文件/etc/systemd/system/kube-controller-manager.service

[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=kube-apiserver.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-controller-manager.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-controller-manager $KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动kube-controller-manager

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-controller-manager
systemctl enable kube-controller-manager

安装kube-scheduler

1. 编辑配置文件/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-scheduler.conf

KUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS="--kubeconfig=/home/rainux/.kube/config \
--leader-elect=true \
--v=0"

1. 编辑service文件 /etc/systemd/system/kube-scheduler.service

[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=kube-apiserver.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-scheduler.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-scheduler $KUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-scheduler
systemctl enable kube-scheduler

安装worker node

安装kubelet

1. 编辑文件 /home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kubelet.conf。注意根据实际修改hostname-override和kubeconfig。

KUBELET_ARGS="--kubeconfig=/home/rainux/.kube/config \
--config=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kubelet.config \
--hostname-override=k8s-node1 \
--v=0 \
--container-runtime-endpoint="unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock"

1. 编辑/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kubelet.config文件。

kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
address: 0.0.0.0  # 服务监听地址
port: 10250  # 服务监听端口号
cgroupDriver: systemd  # cgroup驱动，默认为cgroupfs, 建议systemd
clusterDNS: ["169.169.0.100"]  # 集群DNS地址
clusterDomain: cluster.local  # 服务DNS域名后缀
authentication:  # 是否允许匿名访问或者是否使用webhook鉴权
  anonymous:
    enabled: true

1. 编辑service文件 /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service

[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kubelet Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=containerd.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kubelet.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kubelet $KUBELET_ARGS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动kubelet

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kubelet
systemctl enable kubelet

安装kube-proxy

1. 编辑配置文件/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-proxy.conf。proxy-mode参数默认为iptables，如果安装了ipvs，建议修改为ipvs

KUBE_PROXY_ARGS="--kubeconfig=/home/rainux/.kube/config \
--hostname-override=k8s-node1 \
--proxy-mode=ipvs \
--v=0"

1. 编辑service文件 /etc/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service

[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kube-Proxy Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=kubelet.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/home/rainux/apps/kubernetes/conf/kube-proxy.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-proxy $KUBE_PROXY_ARGS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

1. 启动kube-proxy

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-proxy
systemctl enable kube-proxy

安装calico

1. 下载calico配置文件

wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml

1. 如果可以正常访问docker hub，则可以直接使用配置文件来创建calico资源对象，否则需要修改其中的镜像地址。如果用的calico版本也是3.25.0，可以用我在阿里云上传的镜像。

image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/calico:cni-v3.25.0
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/calico:node-v3.25.0
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/calico:kube-controllers-v3.25.0

1. 执行安装

kubectl create -f calico.yaml

1. 查看calico的pod是否正常运行。如果正常，状态应该都是running；若不正常，则需要describe pod的信息查看什么问题

kubectl get pods -A

安装CoreDNS

1. 编辑部署文件 coredns.yaml。注意service中指定了clusterIP，以及镜像地址改为了我在阿里云上传的。

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: coredns
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
      addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: EnsureExists
data:
  Corefile: |
    cluster.local {
        errors
        health {
          lameduck 5s
        }
        ready
        kubernetes cluster.local 169.169.0.0/16 {
          fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
        }
        prometheus :9153
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf
        cache 30
        loop
        reload
        loadbalance
    }
    . {
        cache 30
        loadbalance
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf
    }  

---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: coredns
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    k8s-app: kube-dns
    kubernetes.io/name: "CoreDNS"
spec:
  replicas: 1
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxUnavailable: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kube-dns
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: kube-dns
    spec:
      priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
      tolerations:
        - key: "CriticalAddonsOnly"
          operator: "Exists"
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      affinity:
         podAntiAffinity:
           preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
           - weight: 100
             podAffinityTerm:
               labelSelector:
                 matchExpressions:
                   - key: k8s-app
                     operator: In
                     values: ["kube-dns"]
               topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
      containers:
      - name: coredns
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/coredns:1.11.3
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        resources:
          limits:
            memory: 170Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 70Mi
        args: [ "-conf", "/etc/coredns/Corefile" ]
        volumeMounts:
        - name: config-volume
          mountPath: /etc/coredns
          readOnly: true
        ports:
        - containerPort: 53
          name: dns
          protocol: UDP
        - containerPort: 53
          name: dns-tcp
          protocol: TCP
        - containerPort: 9153
          name: metrics
          protocol: TCP
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
          capabilities:
            add:
            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
            drop:
            - all
          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8080
            scheme: HTTP
          initialDelaySeconds: 60
          timeoutSeconds: 5
          successThreshold: 1
          failureThreshold: 5
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /ready
            port: 8181
            scheme: HTTP
      dnsPolicy: Default
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: coredns
            items:
            - key: Corefile
              path: Corefile

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: kube-dns
  namespace: kube-system
  annotations:
    prometheus.io/port: "9153"
    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
  labels:
    k8s-app: kube-dns
    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"
    kubernetes.io/name: "CoreDNS"
spec:
  selector:
    k8s-app: kube-dns
  clusterIP: 169.169.0.100
  ports:
  - name: dns
    port: 53
    protocol: UDP
  - name: dns-tcp
    port: 53
    protocol: TCP
  - name: metrics
    port: 9153
    protocol: TCP

1. 创建coredns服务

kubectl create -f coredns.yaml

1. 在repo中我放了一份test-dns.yaml用来测试dns是否正常。创建这个测试对象后，在debian的pod中安装nslookup，测试能否解析出svc-nginx

# 创建测试dns的pod
kubectl create -f test-dns.yaml

# 在debian的pod中安装nslookup和curl
apt update -y
apt install -y dnsutils curl

# 使用nslookup和curl测试能否通过域名请求到nginx服务
nslookup svc-nginx
curl http://svc-nginx

安装metrics-server

在新版k8s中，系统资源的采集和HPA功能均需要使用metrics-server

1. 编辑配置文件。注意镜像地址

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
    rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-admin: "true"
    rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-edit: "true"
    rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-view: "true"
  name: system:aggregated-metrics-reader
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - metrics.k8s.io
  resources:
  - pods
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: system:metrics-server
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes/metrics
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: metrics-server-auth-reader
  namespace: kube-system
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: extension-apiserver-authentication-reader
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: metrics-server:system:auth-delegator
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: system:auth-delegator
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: system:metrics-server
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: system:metrics-server
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  ports:
  - name: https
    port: 443
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: https
  selector:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: metrics-server
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxUnavailable: 0
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: metrics-server
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - --cert-dir=/tmp
        - --secure-port=10250
        - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname
        - --kubelet-use-node-status-port
        - --metric-resolution=15s
        - --kubelet-insecure-tls  # 添加该行参数以使用自签名证书
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/rainux/metrics-server:v0.7.2
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        livenessProbe:
          failureThreshold: 3
          httpGet:
            path: /livez
            port: https
            scheme: HTTPS
          periodSeconds: 10
        name: metrics-server
        ports:
        - containerPort: 10250
          name: https
          protocol: TCP
        readinessProbe:
          failureThreshold: 3
          httpGet:
            path: /readyz
            port: https
            scheme: HTTPS
          initialDelaySeconds: 20
          periodSeconds: 10
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 200Mi
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
          capabilities:
            drop:
            - ALL
          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
          runAsNonRoot: true
          runAsUser: 1000
          seccompProfile:
            type: RuntimeDefault
        volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /tmp
          name: tmp-dir
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
      serviceAccountName: metrics-server
      volumes:
      - emptyDir: {}
        name: tmp-dir
---
apiVersion: apiregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: APIService
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: metrics-server
  name: v1beta1.metrics.k8s.io
spec:
  group: metrics.k8s.io
  groupPriorityMinimum: 100
  insecureSkipTLSVerify: true
  service:
    name: metrics-server
    namespace: kube-system
  version: v1beta1
  versionPriority: 100

1. 创建相关资源对象

kubectl create -f metrics-server.yaml

1. 执行相关命令测试是否安装正常

kubectl top node
kubectl top pod

小结

按照以上步骤执行完成后，一个用于开发测试的单机k8s就搭建好了，而且增加节点也比较方便，同时二进制部署方式也便于修改集群参数。