原文: Drawing Graphs using Dot and Graphviz

1 License

Copyright (C) 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Tony Ballantyne. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

Code in this document is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

2 Introduction

2.1 What is DOT?

DOT is a plain text graph description language. It is a simple way of describing graphs that both humans and computer programs can read.

2.2 What is Graphviz?

Graphviz is open source graph visualization software. Graph visualization is a way of representing structural information as diagrams of abstract graphs and networks.

2.3 Who is this document for?

This document was originally written as quick reference for myself. It was then extended to become a tutorial for Computing students. It's now offered to anyone who wants to learn DOT by example.

2.4 Related Materials

You can find links to similar documents posts at my blog tech.tonyballantyne.com

If you have stumbled across this document by accident whilst looking for my work as an SF and Fantasy writer, the following links may be more useful to you

3 Setup

You will need to have the Graphviz suite of programs installed on your computer to follow this tutorial. Graphiz can be downloaded for free from the Graphviz site: http://www.graphviz.org/Home.php

4 Basic Examples

4.1 Simple Graph

graph graphname {
a -- b;
b -- c;
b -- d;
d -- a;
}

4.2 Same Graph, Different Layout

graph graphname {
rankdir=LR; //Rank Direction Left to Right
a -- b;
b -- c;
b -- d;
d -- a;
}

4.3 Simple Digraph (Directional Graph)

digraph graphname{
a -> b;
b -> c;
a -> c;
}

4.4 Simple Digraph with Labels

digraph graphname{

		T [label="Teacher"]      // node T
P [label="Pupil"] // node P T->P [label="Instructions", fontcolor=darkgreen] // edge T->P
}

4.5 Same Graph, Different Shape and Colour

digraph graphname {
T [label="Teacher" color=Blue, fontcolor=Red, fontsize=24, shape=box] // node T
P [label="Pupil" color=Blue, fontcolor=Red, fontsize=24, shape=box] // node P T->P [label="Instructions", fontcolor=darkgreen] // edge T->P
}

Here are some of the shapes you can use… box, polygon, ellipse, oval, circle, point, egg, triangle, plaintext, diamond, trapezium, parallelogram, house, pentagon, hexagon, septagon, octagon, doublecircle, doubleoctagon, tripleoctagon

There are lots more available here… http://www.graphviz.org/content/node-shapes

4.6 Summary

digraph summary{
start [label="Start with a Node"]
next [label="Choose your shape", shape=box]
warning [label="Don't go overboard", color=Blue, fontcolor=Red,fontsize=24,style=filled, fillcolor=green,shape=octagon]
end [label="Draw your graph!", shape=box, style=filled, fillcolor=yellow] start->next
start->warning
next->end [label="Getting Better...", fontcolor=darkblue] }

5 More Advanced

5.1 Saving Time

It takes time defining each node individually. The following way is quicker

digraph hierarchy {

		nodesep=1.0 // increases the separation between nodes

		node [color=Red,fontname=Courier,shape=box] //All nodes will this shape and colour
edge [color=Blue, style=dashed] //All the lines look like this Headteacher->{Deputy1 Deputy2 BusinessManager}
Deputy1->{Teacher1 Teacher2}
BusinessManager->ITManager
{rank=same;ITManager Teacher1 Teacher2} // Put them on the same level
}

5.2 Records

You can now use HTML to define these sort of blocks. Find out more at http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/shapes.html

digraph structs {
node[shape=record]
struct1 [label="<f0> left|<f1> mid\ dle|<f2> right"];
struct2 [label="{<f0> one|<f1> two\n\n\n}" shape=Mrecord];
struct3 [label="hello\nworld |{ b |{c|<here> d|e}| f}| g | h"];
struct1:f1 -> struct2:f0;
struct1:f0 -> struct3:f1;
}

6 Some Example Graphs

6.1 Finite State Machine

digraph finite_state_machine {
rankdir=LR;
size="8,5"
node [shape = circle];
S0 -> S1 [ label = "Lift Nozzle" ]
S1 -> S0 [ label = "Replace Nozzle" ]
S1 -> S2 [ label = "Authorize Pump" ]
S2 -> S0 [ label = "Replace Nozzle" ]
S2 -> S3 [ label = "Pull Trigger" ]
S3 -> S2 [ label = "Release Trigger" ]
}

6.2 Data Flow Diagrams

digraph dfd{
node[shape=record]
store1 [label="<f0> left|<f1> Some data store"];
proc1 [label="{<f0> 1.0|<f1> Some process here\n\n\n}" shape=Mrecord];
enti1 [label="Customer" shape=box];
store1:f1 -> proc1:f0;
enti1-> proc1:f0;
}

6.3 Data Flow Diagrams 2

The following uses subgraphs to display different levels. Note that subgraphs must start with the prefix cluster_ or they won't work. It will only work with dot layout.

digraph dfd2{
node[shape=record]
subgraph level0{
enti1 [label="Customer" shape=box];
enti2 [label="Manager" shape=box];
}
subgraph cluster_level1{
label ="Level 1";
proc1 [label="{<f0> 1.0|<f1> One process here\n\n\n}" shape=Mrecord];
proc2 [label="{<f0> 2.0|<f1> Other process here\n\n\n}" shape=Mrecord];
store1 [label="<f0> |<f1> Data store one"];
store2 [label="<f0> |<f1> Data store two"];
{rank=same; store1, store2} }
enti1 -> proc1
enti2 -> proc2
store1 -> proc1
store2 -> proc2
proc1 -> store2
store2 -> proc1
}

6.4 Object Inheritance

digraph obj{
node[shape=record];
rankdir="BT"; teacher [label = "{<f0> Teacher|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
course [label = "{<f0> Course|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
student [label = "{<f0> Student|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
lesson [label = "{<f0> Lesson |<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
tutorial [label = "{<f0> Tutorial|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
assessment[label = "{<f0> Assessment|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
coursework [label = "{<f0> Coursework|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"];
exam [label = "{<f0> Exam|<f1> \n |<f2> \n }"]; {rank=same; teacher course student} teacher->course [dir="forward",arrowhead="none",arrowtail="normal",headlabel="1",taillabel="1.."];
student->course [dir="forward",arrowhead="none",arrowtail="normal",headlabel="1",taillabel="1.."];
lesson->course [dir="forward",arrowhead="diamond",arrowtail="normal"];
tutorial->course [dir="forward",arrowhead="diamond",arrowtail="normal"];
assessment->course [dir="forward",arrowhead="diamond",arrowtail="normal"];
coursework->assessment;
exam->assessment; }

6.5 Entity Relationship

digraph ER{
node[shape=box];
Book;
Customer;
Loan;
{rank=same;Book,Customer,Loan}
Book->Loan[dir="forward",arrowhead="crow",arrowtail="normal"];
Customer->Loan[dir="forward",arrowhead="crow",arrowtail="normal"];
}

7 Reference

Here are the most useful attributes you will need when drawing graphs. The full list can be found here: http://graphviz.org/doc/info/attrs.html

7.1 Graph Attributes

  • label="My Graph"; Label a graph itself
  • rankdir=LR; Lay the graph out from Left to Right, instead of Top to Bottom
  • {rank=same; a, b, c } Group nodes together at the same level of a graph
  • splines="line"; Force edges to be straight, no curves or angles
  • K=0.6; Used to influence the 'spring' used in the layout, Can be used to push nodes further apart, which is especially useful for twopi and sfdp layouts

7.2 Vertex Attributes

  • [label="Some Label"] Labels the Vertex
  • [color="red"] Colors the Vertex
  • [fillcolor="blue"] Fills the Vertex with the specified colour

7.3 Edge Attributes

  • [label="Some Label"] Labels the Edge (Useful for Weights)
  • [color="red"] Colors the Vertex (Useful for Paths)
  • [penwidth=2.0] Adjusts the thickness of the edge line, Very useful for Paths

7.4 Size, Background Colour

fixedsize=true; size="1,1"; resolution=72; bgcolor="#C6CFD532";

8 Appendices

8.1 Further Reading

8.2 Using Emacs Org Mode

Emacs org mode is an ideal environment for writing, executing and exporting Dot graphics

8.2.1 Setup

Download and install graphviz and add the path to the exec-path variable

You will need to update your .emacs file to load dot as a babel language. The following is a useful babel setup for dot and other languages

(org-babel-do-load-languages
(quote org-babel-load-languages)
(quote ((emacs-lisp . t)
(java . t)
(dot . t)
(ditaa . t)
(R . t)
(python . t)
(ruby . t)
(gnuplot . t)
(clojure . t)
(sh . t)
(ledger . t)
(org . t)
(plantuml . t)
(latex . t))))

8.2.2 Embedding Dot in Emacs

Org mode can interpret different languages by using the Library Of Babel. To do so, enclose the code in begin_ src and end_ src tags as below. You'll need to add command line arguments as shown.

A shortcut to make a begin_ src block is to type <s [TAB]

#+begin_src dot :file ./img/example1.png :cmdline -Kdot -Tpng
graph graphname {
a -- b;
b -- c;
b -- d;
d -- a;
}
#+end_src

8.2.3 The Command Line

The section :cmdline -Kdot -Tpng in the #+begin_ src dot :file ./img/example1.png :cmdline -Kdot -Tpng section are command line arguments. They tell dot how to render and display.

  • -Kdot use dot layout. The other layouts you can try are Kneato, Kcirco, Ktwopi, Kfdp and Ksfdp for different layouts
  • -Tpng render as png

The full command line arguments can be found here: http://graphviz.org/content/command-line-invocation

Date: <2013-10-21 Mon>

Author: Tony Ballantyne

Created: 2018-09-01 Sat 12:33

Emacs 23.3.1 (Org mode 8.0.2)

Validate

MARSGGBO♥原创







2019-1-27

【转载】使用python库--Graphviz为论文画出漂亮的示意图的更多相关文章

  1. 用JAVA中BufferedImage画出漂亮的验证码点击变化

    如果我们想用JAVA中BufferedImage画出漂亮的验证码点击变化怎么实现呢,类似这样: 点击变化,以下是实现过程,直接上代码: 首先前台:<i><img style=&quo ...

  2. (转载) Chrome中canvas上drawImage无法画出image的解决办法

    在自己写demo的过程中 碰到了这样一个问题 发现drawImage方法没有达到预期的效果 图片没办法显示 而fillRect等画图形的方法却工作良好 大概的代码如下: $(function() { ...

  3. 用Python画如此漂亮的专业插图 ?简直So easy!

    本文整理自知乎问答,仅用于学术分享,著作权归作者所有.如有侵权,请联系我删文处理.多多转发,多多学习! 方法一 强烈推荐 Python 的绘图模块 matplotlib: python plottin ...

  4. [转载]花了半个月,终于把Python库全部整理出来了,非常全面

    库名称简介 Chardet 字符编码探测器,可以自动检测文本.网页.xml的编码. colorama 主要用来给文本添加各种颜色,并且非常简单易用. Prettytable 主要用于在终端或浏览器端构 ...

  5. Python 库打包分发、setup.py 编写、混合 C 扩展打包的简易指南(转载)

    转载自:http://blog.konghy.cn/2018/04/29/setup-dot-py/ Python 有非常丰富的第三方库可以使用,很多开发者会向 pypi 上提交自己的 Python ...

  6. 【转载】Python第三方库资源

    转自:https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404129469920071093 参考:https://github.com/jobbole/awesom ...

  7. 课程作业——Python基础之使用turtle库画出红旗

    代码如下: import turtle # 设置画笔和背景颜色 turtle.color('yellow') turtle.bgcolor('red') # 通过偏移量和尺寸大小画星星 def dra ...

  8. Python 库大全

    作者:Lingfeng Ai链接:http://www.zhihu.com/question/24590883/answer/92420471来源:知乎著作权归作者所有.商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非 ...

  9. Python库资源大全

    转载地址:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/27350980 本文是一个精心设计的Python框架.库.软件和资源列表,是一个Awesome XXX系列的资源整理,由BigQu ...

随机推荐

  1. MVC知识点汇总

    一,MVC创建控制器,视图 1新建 ASP.NET MVC web应用程序项目,在Controllers文件夹下创建控制器,MVC 5 控制器,然后打开控制器,在所对应的控制器中会存在一个Action ...

  2. C# BackgroundWorker使用总结

    查询了一下MSDN文档,其中微软就BackgroundWorker类的功能有这么一个描述(英文的,根据个人理解翻译):BackgroundWorker类允许您在单独的线程上执行某个可能导致用户界面(U ...

  3. nginx暴露目录文件

    location /apk_download { alias /usr/share/nginx/html/; include mime.types; default_type application/ ...

  4. Python的基础详情

    Python的基础信息 Python是一种动态解释性高级语言 Python即可面向对象,也可以面向过程 解释行语言 无需编译 程序以'行'为单位进行执行 执行速度慢 开发效率快 可跨平台 编译型语言 ...

  5. 网络编程基础【day10】:我是一个进程(三)

    本节内容 1.引子 2.进程的诞生 3.线程 4.争吵 一.引子 我听说我的祖先们生活在专用计算机里, 一生只帮助人类做一件事情,比说微积分运算 了.人口统计了 .生成密码.甚至通过织布机印花 !   ...

  6. HDU - 6394 Tree(树分块+倍增)

    http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php?pid=6394 题意 给出一棵树,然后每个节点有一个权值,代表这个点可以往上面跳多远,问最少需要多少次可以跳出这颗树 分析 ...

  7. Linux命令(十四)gdb调试

    1. gdb调试 fun.c #include <stdio.h> #include "head.h" int sum(int a, int b) { printf(& ...

  8. fastJson--json与java格式的转换

    fastJson--json与java格式的转换: /* * alibaba提供的fastJson:用法: */ @Test public void testJson() { User user = ...

  9. [Android] Android v4包CompoundButtonCompatLollipop.class重复问题

    用 Butter Knife  8.8.1  导致v4包CompoundButtonCompatLollipop.class重复问题 详细错误如下: Error:Execution failed fo ...

  10. SQL Server进阶 SQL优化

    找到消耗内存最多的SQL SELECT mg.granted_memory_kb, mg.session_id, t.text, qp.query_plan FROM sys.dm_exec_quer ...