kubeadm安装kubernetes 1.13.1集群完整部署记录

k8s是什么

　　Kubernetes简称为k8s，它是 Google 开源的容器集群管理系统。在 Docker 技术的基础上，为容器化的应用提供部署运行、资源调度、服务发现和动态伸缩等一系列完整功能，提高了大规模容器集群管理的便捷性。k8s是容器到容器云后的产物。但是k8s并不是万能，并不一定适合所有的云场景。官方有一段"What Kubernetes is not"的解释可能更有利我们的理解。

　　Kubernetes 不是一个传统意义上，包罗万象的 PaaS (平台即服务) 系统。我们保留用户选择的自由，这非常重要。

- 　　Kubernetes 不限制支持的应用程序类型。它不插手应用程序框架 (例如 Wildfly), 不限制支持的语言运行时 (例如 Java, Python, Ruby)，只迎合符合 12种因素的应用程序，也不区分”应用程序”与”服务”。Kubernetes 旨在支持极其多样化的工作负载，包括无状态、有状态和数据处理工作负载。如果应用可以在容器中运行，它就可以在 Kubernetes 上运行。
- 　　Kubernetes 不提供作为内置服务的中间件 (例如消息中间件)、数据处理框架 (例如 Spark)、数据库 (例如 mysql)或集群存储系统 (例如 Ceph)。这些应用可以运行在 Kubernetes 上。
- 　　Kubernetes 没有提供点击即部署的服务市场
- 　　Kubernetes 从源代码到镜像都是非垄断的。它不部署源代码且不构建您的应用程序。持续集成 (CI) 工作流是一个不同用户和项目都有自己需求和偏好的领域。所以我们支持在 Kubernetes 分层的 CI 工作流，但不指定它应该如何工作。
- Kubernetes 允许用户选择其他的日志记录，监控和告警系统 (虽然我们提供一些集成作为概念验证)　　
- 　　Kubernetes 不提供或授权一个全面的应用程序配置语言/系统 (例如 jsonnet).
- 　　Kubernetes 不提供也不采用任何全面机器配置、保养、管理或自我修复系统
Kubernetes的整体架构如下：

其中，控制节点，即Master节点，由三个紧密协作的独立组件组合而成，他们分别负责是API服务的kube-apiserver、负责调度的kube-scheduler，以及负责容器编排的kube-controller-manager。整个集群的持久化数据，则由kube-apiserver处理后保存在Etcd中。

在计算节点上最核心的部分，则是一个叫做kubelet的组件。

在 Kubernetes 项目中，kubelet 主要负责

　　1.kubelet同容器运行（running containers）时（比如 Docker 项目）打交道。而这个交互所依赖的，是一个称作 CRI（Container Runtime Interface）的远程调用接口，这个接口定义了容器运行时的各项核心操作，比如：启动一个容器需要的所有参数。

这也是为何，Kubernetes 项目并不关心你部署的是什么容器运行时、使用的什么技术实现，只要你的这个容器运行时能够运行标准的容器镜像，它就可以通过实现 CRI 接入到 Kubernetes 项目当中。

　　2.而具体的容器运行时，比如 Docker 项目，则一般通过 OCI 这个容器运行时规范同底层的 Linux 操作系统进行交互，即：把 CRI 请求翻译成对 Linux 操作系统的调用（操作 Linux Namespace 和 Cgroups 等）。

　　3.此外，kubelet 还通过 gRPC 协议同一个叫作 Device Plugin 的插件进行交互。这个插件，是 Kubernetes 项目用来管理 GPU 等宿主机物理设备的主要组件，也是基于 Kubernetes 项目进行机器学习训练、高性能作业支持等工作必须关注的功能。

　　4.kubelet 的另一个重要功能，则是调用网络插件和存储插件为容器配置网络和持久化存储。这两个插件与 kubelet 进行交互的接口，分别是 CNI（Container Networking Interface）和 CSI（Container Storage Interface）。

所以说，kubelet完全是为了实现Kubernets项目对容器的管理能力而重新实现的一个组件。

Kubernetes部署
- 安装docker

Kubernetes从1.6开始使用CRI(Container Runtime Interface)容器运行时接口。默认的容器运行时仍然是Docker，是使用kubelet中内置dockershim CRI来实现的

apt-get remove docker-ce
apt autoremove
apt-get install docker-ce
启动docker:
systemctl enable docker
systemctl start docker

- 安装kubeadm，kubelet, kubectl

kubeadm: 引导启动k8s集群的命令行工具。

kubelet: 在群集中所有节点上运行的核心组件, 用来执行如启动pods和containers等操作。

kubectl: 操作集群的命令行工具。

首先添加apt-key：

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https curl
 
curl -s https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

添加kubernetes源：

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
 
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/ kubernetes-xenial main

安装：

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl

初始化Master节点

在初始化之前，我们还有以下几点需要注意：

1.选择一个网络插件，并检查它是否需要在初始化Master时指定一些参数，比如我们可能需要根据选择的插件来设置--pod-network-cidr参数。参考：Installing a pod network add-on。

2.kubeadm使用eth0的默认网络接口（通常是内网IP）做为Master节点的advertise address，如果我们想使用不同的网络接口，可以使用--apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address>参数来设置。如果适应IPv6，则必须使用IPv6d的地址，如：--apiserver-advertise-address=fd00::101。

3.1.13版本中终于解决了在国内无法拉取国外镜像的痛点，其增加了一个--image-repository参数，默认值是k8s.gcr.io，我们将其指定为国内镜像地址：registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers

4.我们还需要指定--kubernetes-version参数，因为它的默认值是stable-1，会导致从https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt下载最新的版本号，我们可以将其指定为固定版本（最新版：v1.13.1）来跳过网络请求。

 #kubeadm init --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.13.1 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16

[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 18.09.. Latest validated version: 18.06
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [fn004 localhost] and IPs [121.197.130.187 127.0.0.1 ::]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [fn004 localhost] and IPs [121.197.130.187 127.0.0.1 ::]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [fn004 kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 121.197.130.187]
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 21.504803 seconds
[uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "fn004" as an annotation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node fn004 as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node fn004 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: b0x4dv.nbut63ktiaikcc24
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
 
Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!
 
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
 
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
 
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
 
You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:
 
kubeadm join [公网IP]: --token b0x4dv.nbut63ktiaikcc24 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:551fe78b50dfe52410869685b7dc70b9a27e550241a6112d8d1fef2073759bb4

如果init出现了错误，需要重新init的时候，可以 #kubeadm reset 重新初始化集群。

接着执行：

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces  //可以看到coredns的状态是pending,这事因为我们还没有安装网络插件

Calico是一个纯三层的虚拟网络方案，Calico 为每个容器分配一个 IP，每个 host 都是 router，把不同 host 的容器连接起来。与 VxLAN 不同的是，Calico 不对数据包做额外封装，不需要 NAT 和端口映射，扩展性和性能都很好。

默认情况下，Calico网络插件使用的的网段是192.168.0.0/16，在init的时候，我们已经通过--pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16来适配Calico，当然你也可以修改calico.yml文件来指定不同的网段。

可以使用如下命令命令来安装Canal插件：

安装calico网络组件

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/kubernetes-datastore/calico-networking/1.7/calico.yaml

上图出现了拉取镜像失败的情况，可以通过systemctl status kubelet 查看报错原因，正确的结果如下：

NAMESPACE     NAME                                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   calico-node-wdgl5                   /     Running             90s
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-jvxv9            /     Running             27m
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-lmhdj            /     Running             27m
kube-system   etcd-fn004                      /     Running             26m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-fn004            /     Running             26m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-fn004   /     Running             26m
kube-system   kube-proxy-rkzkc                    /     Running             27m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-fn004            /     Running             27m

以上就部署完了一个master节点，接下来就可以加入worker节点并进行测试了。

Master隔离

默认情况下，由于安全原因，集群并不会将pods部署在Master节点上。但是在开发环境下，我们可能就只有一个Master节点，这时可以使用下面的命令来解除这个限制：

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-

加入worker节点

登录另外一台机器B：

直接执行：kubeadm join [masterIP]:6443 --token b0x4dv.nbut63ktiaikcc24 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:551fe78b50dfe52410869685b7dc70b9a27e550241a6112d8d1fef2073759bb4

root@xxxx:/etc/kubernetes# kubeadm join [master_ip]: --token b0x4dv.nbut63ktiaikcc24 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:551fe78b50dfe52410869685b7dc70b9a27e550241a6112d8d1fef2073759bb4
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
        [WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 18.09.. Latest validated version: 18.06
[discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "master_ip:6443"
[discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client, requesting info from "https://master_ip:6443"
[discovery] Requesting info from "https://master_ip:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key
[discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots, will use API Server "master_ip:6443"
[discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "master_ip:6443"
[join] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[join] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "fn001" as an annotation
 
This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
 
Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.

在master节点可以用#kubeadm token list 查看token.

等一会儿就可以在master节点查看节点状态：

测试

首先验证kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, pod network 是否正常：

kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:alpine   //部署一个nginx,包含2个pod
kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=2
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide  //验证nginx pod是否运行，会分配2个192.168.开头的集群IP
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort  //以nodePort 方式对外提供服务
kubectl get services nginx   //查看集群外可访问的Port

错误解决:

systemctl status kubelet //报错是因为配置文件人为被修改了，导致重启始终不成功。以下配置文件使用1.13的版本。供参考。
出现如下报错:
kubelet[12305]: Flag --cgroup-driver has been deprecated, This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. S
systemd[1]: kubelet.service: Service lacks both ExecStart= and ExecStop= setting. Refusing.

需要检查/etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf /lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service 这2个配置文件是否正确生成。正确配置如下：

vim /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf

# Note: This dropin only works with kubeadm and kubelet v1.+
[Service]
Environment="KUBELET_KUBECONFIG_ARGS=--bootstrap-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/bootstrap-kubelet.conf --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf"
Environment="KUBELET_CONFIG_ARGS=--config=/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
# This is a file that "kubeadm init" and "kubeadm join" generates at runtime, populating the KUBELET_KUBEADM_ARGS variable dynamically
EnvironmentFile=-/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env
# This is a file that the user can use for overrides of the kubelet args as a last resort. Preferably, the user should use
# the .NodeRegistration.KubeletExtraArgs object in the configuration files instead. KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS should be sourced from this file.
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/default/kubelet
ExecStart=
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet $KUBELET_KUBECONFIG_ARGS $KUBELET_CONFIG_ARGS $KUBELET_KUBEADM_ARGS $KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS

vim /lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service

[Unit]
Description=kubelet: The Kubernetes Node Agent
Documentation=https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/
 
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet
Restart=always
StartLimitInterval=
RestartSec=
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

参考链接：

https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/what-is-kubernetes/