Python 入门（六）Dict和Set类型

什么是dict

我们已经知道，list 和 tuple 可以用来表示顺序集合，例如，班里同学的名字：

['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bart']

或者考试的成绩列表：

[95, 85, 59]

但是，要根据名字找到对应的成绩，用两个 list 表示就不方便。

如果把名字和分数关联起来，组成类似的查找表：

'Adam' ==> 95
'Lisa' ==> 85
'Bart' ==> 59

给定一个名字，就可以直接查到分数。

Python的 dict 就是专门干这件事的。用 dict 表示“名字”-“成绩”的查找表如下：

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

我们把名字称为key，对应的成绩称为value，dict就是通过 key 来查找 value。

花括号 {} 表示这是一个dict，然后按照 key: value, 写出来即可。最后一个 key: value 的逗号可以省略。

由于dict也是集合，len() 函数可以计算任意集合的大小：

>>> len(d)
3

注意: 一个 key-value 算一个，因此，dict大小为3。

任务

新来的Paul同学成绩是 75 分，请编写一个dict，把Paul同学的成绩也加进去。

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

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访问dict

我们已经能创建一个dict，用于表示名字和成绩的对应关系：

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

那么，如何根据名字来查找对应的成绩呢？

可以简单地使用 d[key] 的形式来查找对应的 value，这和 list 很像，不同之处是，list 必须使用索引返回对应的元素，而dict使用key：

>>> print d['Adam']
95
>>> print d['Paul']
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "index.py", line 11, in <module>
    print d['Paul']
KeyError: 'Paul'

注意: 通过 key 访问 dict 的value，只要 key 存在，dict就返回对应的value。如果key不存在，会直接报错：KeyError。

要避免 KeyError 发生，有两个办法：

一是先判断一下 key 是否存在，用 in 操作符：

if 'Paul' in d:
    print d['Paul']

如果 'Paul' 不存在，if语句判断为False，自然不会执行 print d['Paul'] ，从而避免了错误。

二是使用dict本身提供的一个 get 方法，在Key不存在的时候，返回None：

>>> print d.get('Bart')
59
>>> print d.get('Paul')
None

任务

根据如下dict：

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

请打印出：

Adam: 95
Lisa: 85
Bart: 59

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kAwCLStq9Ghczfe3yULaLi/5CNV70Jqk4AAJQXadtXo2Lmlz857PQOH1voPzHFHACmDWnbV6Mi8mll96zbOdrIO77H/AgAmEakbV+NbOXTyu7ZhDc/kU8AMFNI274alXL9CA/yCQCmEWnbV6Py5tPd3TbrRwDA9CFt+2pUynzqr7/H5HIAmEKkbV+NSplPAADTi7Ttq1GQTx9/siCF+M9lBvnDHxf/8MdF8cMAmEGkbV+NyKcZhXwCkELa9tWIfJpRyCcAKaRtX42mJp8+++q7iw/f7VSL+kktbJ1snp/UMre//mCSTxV3PINZ+14+3d1t9+9aG57KL/V9I/e79Py0f2vd+92lYv6+AO6Qtn01sptPq9+c+bforpY5n758dvFD47NMu1jb3zzfrw5vX6wdXyX6eFH5FHM8YxnNp5hJ/FLfN+F7PTwgn2AakLZ9NbKXT5//pd3rHmzoGN+zlU/VnfrxTnXrpL61GPPB6conB9+XfIKpR9r21chaPv35KFufKT6fPvvqu4vv769/37r40Lr40Hr31Z3+S9XGux8an1Ub7z60Lj60goDxt3x4tj62neDNPqFPZWJh62Rzb91z7dC3WNvfPL8aYPi1sf3Bmrdx/cH5fm3rZPP8anNvvbp3tXl+Zbr/pONsYR4eBKtPpcwnoe875luQTzAFSNu+GtnKp6cHvdNvmocDEzz95vNc+fShdfH9/VtzXpwMRu360eI9vbPzgxFd/VdH8ikUS8arE/SfIlisHXu2G+40hHoAxkvVnfreuvEeb/v6g/Orzb11z8rrW4v9DBjsxUI+PTzoBiGUuv8k9H3HfBHyCaYAadtXI4v51O0cPe0/3Tjs9A7/nKv/5D9d/97MmOAKU7DdIzKfgnbu75tXp6zkU3WnPvDl6l7QCTAfx493+dsHDwatLWydbA71TvLReGWuxJEjn8S/L/kE04G07auR1f7T53FP7eVT/Fic83wK/eO/tj8wWb+T4WH6tTe5YGgcrOh8GiqjNXk+yX9f8gmmA2nbVyOb/SdjcoS9fLqz80Nr/8v5W3Nly6ch8/X9N+zX1Z36wK/DRuys/xTOp7u77QnzqQTfl3yC6UDa9tXI5vyIztlfap8sfPzJQq156j/OmU9fPgvmL1jMp/BQ4UQMDWQt1o77w1yG4a4/MOYLVPeu/P5HdS9tfyLr9afGq163E6o7vPT8dGDr3sK7k+WTo++bBPkE04G07auRxfufgpufMoVTZD5FTq6Lyafw+4OPJOVT6FMTzd8LBrj6GD7rdzVOalXT1j379masrdeOC8knb6peeOn3ey/e+zP3Jh3fc/V9x3w18gmmAGnbV6MSrh8xdP0JsnF3tx3uP0Uz0fxyYcgnmA6kbV+NyKcpot9PGh9Oc+QTgBzStq9G5NOMMm79vVLB+nswVUjbvhqVMJ/ABaxfDiCFtO2rEfVzAQCcIm37akQ+AQA4Rdr21Yh8AgBwirTtq9HU5FPZ6hPaWXfcfvuD+5+KOaoY7r14n7f+oa3zGVf/MHzHGECRSNu+GlnKp1qz3TMqOPS6nbPmconzyU79p6RaR0XnU976T3YPJnHmd+NVr/uqUZbzGX3eGq2U8/IB8iNt+2pUSP/p8VG3c7RR5vG94vOpcLTkU9xLUucz7rzpuhUMVCNt+2pURD5ttHqnu7WJx/f01CeM8dPqTr2/rs+wDy54dfk8zKJHEXX8zI8UUJ8w8f3B/UYefu8naGfQSHAHlY/p8kOrp8ufzwTChUgACkPa9tXIfj4tN08zdZ4i80lHfcLE//eNakmxW/ztEXX8+hRVnzDd+421ZcPthNqM7yRl65S4OJ9jvjj3/4IDpG1fjaznU+bOU0z/yX9a3vqEk/jp2H/n7Y9xRdcnjH//0vPToMNkBEy4nXDHKMbZQ/FW/vPpFx+xd/IBIpC2fTWynE/LzdNMMyMy51N56j/NZ/bTubihqsg6fraIqU+Y8JHo/pO/CHpAEFcJ+TQ6M6K851NkciPMHtK2r0Z282mj1eu2nmT+YPiPp6Q+4fwkfjpgYevEt9SYOn62iKlPmPCR0MWqYHQu6fKMSP/J+vlkigS4Qdr21chmPk3WeUrOp/LWJ5zP46fmqzF1/PoUVZ8w/v2NVzEzGoauOZnExV6h158mOp9JcP0J3CBt+2pkL59qzfZEnafIfCp/fcK5ebP+njmOFJpUZgw9hbebphlZx69PUfUJB6+O5tPIlLwgYMLz+kLBY7yUZ/5e4eczAebvgSOkbV+NSrh+BPU1cpGyPmEs9168D9l09N216dHSKWFwD5whbftqRD5NEVnqE8bSaHWG5+nl7FXkTTgXsH4EOETa9tWIfIJhwuN7Noa8ItbfKxWsvwdOkbZ9Nar8+OOPP//8c5nyCQBgmpG2fTWq/PLLP9rtNvkEAOAGadtXo8o///l/B/99QD4BALhB2vbVqPLLL/8gnwAAnCFt+2pU+fvf/3cq8qls9QmLZtbqExZ63pgfAU6Rtn01sphPG61g0lee+hqT4b4+Yfz9odlZ2zeW5JnweNJR3vqEjs4n9QlBHGnbVyNb+bSye9ZtN1e8p1kXOnL/+7CVT4N1dMz13yZhivMpdX1CR+eT+oQgjrTtq5GtfAqvDFtrtnuHjyfMJy31CU0/HV4dLrI+XnWnfryz4C+57RlosAL38Po9wV5moz6hm/OZAOsbgSOkbV+NrI3vLTdPB8N6G61e0JeaLJ801Ccc/n/f9NbI+nh96/SeLtaOr+pbi8HbYv7fn536hG7O55gvrmIpJtCOtO2rkdX5EU8Ovf+gs64SG/7jaalPGL5eEvdPurEmd3WnbiRNdS+3n6ZDS31C+fNJfUJwg7Ttq5G1fHp81O30x/Q2Wr1uphLv4T+elvqEI+NRvlfG1MdLqBBRYD6pqU9YgvNJfUJwgrTtq5GlfKo12+acvaGnefKpvPUJQ346t1g77l8aia2PV4Z8KnF9QvnzyRQJcIO07auRzfkRwTWnJ4edvPMj+k9LXJ8w7v/92Pp4CX4aHqoa3sts1Cd0cz6T4PoTuEHa9tXI3vWnWrNt5/4nLfUJM9fHG1+h3Mb8PbX1Cd2czwSYvweOkLZ9NSrh+hHU18gF9QknP28M7oETpG1fjcinKYL6hLm+NetHgCOkbV+NyCcYhvqEAIUibftqVMJ8AgCYZqRtX43IJwAAp0jbvhqRTwAATpG2fTUinwAAnCJt+2pEPgEAOEXa9tWIfAIAcIq07asR+QQA4BRp21cj8gkAwCnStq9G5BMAgFOkbV+NyCcAAKdI274akU8AAE6Rtn01Ip8AAJwibftqRD4BADhF2vbViHwCAHCKtO2rEfkEAOAUadtXI/IJAMAp0ravRuQTAIBTpG1fjcgnAACnSNu+Gv0/bG1Fi2yal0kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" 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dict的特点

dict的第一个特点是查找速度快，无论dict有10个元素还是10万个元素，查找速度都一样。而list的查找速度随着元素增加而逐渐下降。

不过dict的查找速度快不是没有代价的，dict的缺点是占用内存大，还会浪费很多内容，list正好相反，占用内存小，但是查找速度慢。

由于dict是按 key 查找，所以，在一个dict中，key不能重复。

dict的第二个特点就是存储的key-value序对是没有顺序的！这和list不一样：

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

当我们试图打印这个dict时：

>>> print d
{'Lisa': 85, 'Adam': 95, 'Bart': 59}

打印的顺序不一定是我们创建时的顺序，而且，不同的机器打印的顺序都可能不同，这说明dict内部是无序的，不能用dict存储有序的集合。

dict的第三个特点是作为 key 的元素必须不可变，Python的基本类型如字符串、整数、浮点数都是不可变的，都可以作为 key。但是list是可变的，就不能作为 key。

可以试试用list作为key时会报什么样的错误。

不可变这个限制仅作用于key，value是否可变无所谓：

{
    '123': [1, 2, 3],  # key 是 str，value是list
    123: '123',  # key 是 int，value 是 str
    ('a', 'b'): True  # key 是 tuple，并且tuple的每个元素都是不可变对象，value是 boolean
}

最常用的key还是字符串，因为用起来最方便。

任务

请设计一个dict，可以根据分数来查找名字，已知成绩如下：

Adam: 95,

Lisa: 85,

Bart: 59.

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更新dict

dict是可变的，也就是说，我们可以随时往dict中添加新的 key-value。比如已有dict：

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

要把新同学'Paul'的成绩 72 加进去，用赋值语句：

>>> d['Paul'] = 72

再看看dict的内容：

>>> print d
{'Lisa': 85, 'Paul': 72, 'Adam': 95, 'Bart': 59}

如果 key 已经存在，则赋值会用新的 value 替换掉原来的 value：

>>> d['Bart'] = 60
>>> print d
{'Lisa': 85, 'Paul': 72, 'Adam': 95, 'Bart': 60}

任务

请根据Paul的成绩 72 更新下面的dict：

d = {

95: 'Adam',

85: 'Lisa',

59: 'Bart'

}

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" alt="" />

遍历dict

由于dict也是一个集合，所以，遍历dict和遍历list类似，都可以通过 for 循环实现。

1、直接使用for循环可以遍历 dict 的 key：

>>> d = { 'Adam': 95, 'Lisa': 85, 'Bart': 59 }
>>> for key in d:
...     print key
...
Lisa
Adam
Bart

由于通过 key 可以获取对应的 value，因此，在循环体内，可以获取到value的值。

2、如果要迭代value，可以用for value in d.itervalues()

>>> for value in d.itervalues():
... print value
...
85
95
59
>>>

3、如果要同时迭代key和value，可以用for k, v in d.iteritems()

>>> for k,v in d.iteritems():
... print k,v
...
Lisa 85
Adam 95
Bart 59
>>>

任务

请用 for 循环遍历如下的dict，打印出 name: score 来。

d = {
    'Adam': 95,
    'Lisa': 85,
    'Bart': 59
}

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" alt="" />

什么是set

dict的作用是建立一组 key 和一组 value 的映射关系，dict的key是不能重复的。

有的时候，我们只想要 dict 的 key，不关心 key 对应的 value，目的就是保证这个集合的元素不会重复，这时，set就派上用场了。

set 持有一系列元素，这一点和 list 很像，但是set的元素没有重复，而且是无序的，这点和 dict 的 key很像。

创建 set 的方式是调用 set() 并传入一个 list，list的元素将作为set的元素：

>>> s = set(['A', 'B', 'C'])

可以查看 set 的内容：

>>> print s
set(['A', 'C', 'B'])

请注意，上述打印的形式类似 list， 但它不是 list，仔细看还可以发现，打印的顺序和原始 list 的顺序有可能是不同的，因为set内部存储的元素是无序的。

因为set不能包含重复的元素，所以，当我们传入包含重复元素的 list 会怎么样呢？

>>> s = set(['A', 'B', 'C', 'C'])
>>> print s
set(['A', 'C', 'B'])
>>> len(s)
3

结果显示，set会自动去掉重复的元素，原来的list有4个元素，但set只有3个元素。

任务

请用set表示班里的4位同学：

Adam, Lisa, Bart, Paul

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pWghciZlPd/wFAQJmD18GQ4IWI2VT3fwAQEBG8nj3ygkp5H0RELEx1/wcAAQQvRESN6v4PAAIIXoiIGtX9HwAEELwQETWq+z8ACCB4ISJqVPd/ABBA8EJE1Kju/wAggOCFiKhR3f8BQADBCxFRo7r/A4AAghciokZ1/wcAAQQvRESN6v4PAAIIXoiIGtX9HwAEELwQETWq+z8ACCB4ISJqVPd/ABBA8EJE1Kju/wAggOCFiKhR3f8BQADBCxFRo7r/A4AAghciokZ1/wcAAQQvRESN6v4PAAIIXoiIGtX9HwAEELwQETWq+z8ACCB4ISJqVPd/ABBA8EJE1Kju/wAggOCFiKhR3f8BQADBCxFRo7r/A4AAghciokZ1/wcAAf8HjEPHc+1NekUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="" />

访问set

由于set存储的是无序集合，所以我们没法通过索引来访问。

访问 set中的某个元素实际上就是判断一个元素是否在set中。

例如，存储了班里同学名字的set：

>>> s = set(['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bart', 'Paul'])

我们可以用 in 操作符判断：

Bart是该班的同学吗？

>>> 'Bart' in s
True

Bill是该班的同学吗？

>>> 'Bill' in s
False

bart是该班的同学吗？

>>> 'bart' in s
False

看来大小写很重要，'Bart' 和 'bart'被认为是两个不同的元素。

任务

由于上述set不能识别小写的名字，请改进set，使得 'adam' 和 'bart'都能返回True。

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set的特点

set的内部结构和dict很像，唯一区别是不存储value，因此，判断一个元素是否在set中速度很快。

set存储的元素和dict的key类似，必须是不变对象，因此，任何可变对象是不能放入set中的。

最后，set存储的元素也是没有顺序的。

set的这些特点，可以应用在哪些地方呢？

星期一到星期日可以用字符串'MON', 'TUE', ... 'SUN'表示。

假设我们让用户输入星期一至星期日的某天，如何判断用户的输入是否是一个有效的星期呢？

可以用 if 语句判断，但这样做非常繁琐：

x = '???' # 用户输入的字符串
if x!= 'MON' and x!= 'TUE' and x!= 'WED' ... and x!= 'SUN':
    print 'input error'
else:
    print 'input ok'

注意：if 语句中的...表示没有列出的其它星期名称，测试时，请输入完整。

如果事先创建好一个set，包含'MON' ~ 'SUN'：

weekdays = set(['MON', 'TUE', 'WED', 'THU', 'FRI', 'SAT', 'SUN'])

再判断输入是否有效，只需要判断该字符串是否在set中：

x = '???' # 用户输入的字符串
if x in weekdays:
    print 'input ok'
else:
    print 'input error'

这样一来，代码就简单多了。

任务

月份也可以用set表示，请设计一个set并判断用户输入的月份是否有效。

月份可以用字符串'Jan', 'Feb', ...表示。

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" alt="" />

遍历set

由于 set 也是一个集合，所以，遍历 set 和遍历 list 类似，都可以通过 for 循环实现。

直接使用 for 循环可以遍历 set 的元素：

>>> s = set(['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bart'])
>>> for name in s:
...     print name
...
Lisa
Adam
Bart

注意: 观察 for 循环在遍历set时，元素的顺序和list的顺序很可能是不同的，而且不同的机器上运行的结果也可能不同。

任务

请用 for 循环遍历如下的set，打印出 name: score 来。

s = set([('Adam', 95), ('Lisa', 85), ('Bart', 59)])

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" 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更新set

由于set存储的是一组不重复的无序元素，因此，更新set主要做两件事：

一是把新的元素添加到set中，二是把已有元素从set中删除。

添加元素时，用set的add()方法：

>>> s = set([1, 2, 3])
>>> s.add(4)
>>> print s
set([1, 2, 3, 4])

如果添加的元素已经存在于set中，add()不会报错，但是不会加进去了：

>>> s = set([1, 2, 3])
>>> s.add(3)
>>> print s
set([1, 2, 3])

删除set中的元素时，用set的remove()方法：

>>> s = set([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> s.remove(4)
>>> print s
set([1, 2, 3])

如果删除的元素不存在set中，remove()会报错：

>>> s = set([1, 2, 3])
>>> s.remove(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 4

所以用add()可以直接添加，而remove()前需要判断。

任务

针对下面的set，给定一个list，对list中的每一个元素，如果在set中，就将其删除，如果不在set中，就添加进去。

s = set(['Adam', 'Paul'])
L = ['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bart', 'Paul']

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" 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