Immutable Strings Objects of the String class are immutable. If you examine the JDK documentation for the String class, you’ll see that every method in the class that appears to modify a String actually creates and returns a brand new String object c…

---恢复内容开始--- Both C++ and Java are hybird languages. A hybird language allow multiple programming styles The reason C++ is hybird is to support backward compatibility with the C langguage (a superset of the C language) The Java language assumes that…

To solve the general programming problem, you need to create any number of objects, anytime, anywhere. So you can't rely on creating a named reference to hold each one of your objects. Java has several ways to hold objects: 1. the compiler-supported…

The genesis of the computer revolution was a machine. The genesis of out programming languages thus tends to look like that machine. 计算机革命起源于机器,因此编程语言的产生也始于对机器的模仿 Computers are mind amplification tools and a different kind of expressive medium. 计算机是大…

At the lowest level, data in Java is manipulated using operators Using Java Operators An operator takes one or more argument and produces a new value. The arguements are in a different form than ordinary method calls, but the effect is the same. + :…

下压(LIFO)栈:可以动态调整数组大小的实现 import java.util.Iterator; public class ResizingArrayStack<Item> implements Iterable<Item> { private int N = 0; private Item[] a = (Item[]) new Object[1]; public boolean isEmpty() { return N == 0; } public int size() {…

Runtime type information (RTTI) allow you to discover and use type information while a program is running This take two forms: 1. "traditional" RTTI, which assumes that you have all the types available at compile time, 2. the reflection mechanis…

The ideal time to catch an error is at compile time, before you even try to run the program. However, not all errors can be detected at compile time. To create a robust system, each component must be robust. By providing a consistent error-reporting…

The inner class is a valuable feature because it allows you to group classes that logically belong together and to control the visibility of one within the other. However, it's important to understand that inner classes are distinctly different from…

Interfaces and abstract classes provide more structured way to separate interface from implementation. the abstract class, which is a kind of midway step between an ordinary class and an interface. Abstract classes and methods abstract void f(); A cl…