${var:-string},${var:+string},${var:=string},${var:?string} 1. ${var:-string}和${var:=string}:若变量var为空,则用在命令行中用string来替换${var:-string},否则变量var不为空时,则用变量var的值来替换${var:-string}:对于${var:=string}的替换规则和${var:-string}是一样的,所不同之处是${var:=string}若var为空时,用string替